Antelope Valley College

Newman Projections and Naming Cycloalkanes

Reviews General Chemistry

NMR is the most valuable spectroscopic technique used for structure determination.  More advanced NMR techniques are used in biological chemistry to study protein structure and folding.

Finding structures of new molecules synthesized is critical.  To get a good idea of the range of structural techniques available and how they should be used.

Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds.  Acetylene, the simplest alkyne is produced industrially from methane and steam at high temperature.  Our study of alkynes provides an introduction to organic synthesis, the preparation of organic molecules from simpler organic molecules.

To understand organic and/or biochemistry, it is necessary to know:  -What occurs  -Why and how chemical reactions take place We will see how a reaction can be described.

Handedness is important in organic and biochemistry.  Molecular handedness makes possible specific interactions between enzymes and substrates.

C=C double bonds are present in most organic and biological molecules.  To examine consequences of alkene stereoisomerism.  To focus on an important alkene reaction: electrophilic addition.

Organic molecules often have polar covalent bonds as a result of unsymmetrical electron sharing caused by differences in the electronegativity of atoms.  The polarity of a molecule is measured by its dipole moment, .  (+) and () indicate formal charges on atoms in molecules to keep track of valence electrons around an atom.  Some substances must be shown as a resonance hybrid of two or more resonance forms that differ by the location of electrons.  A Brønsted(–Lowry) aci...

Reactions involving organohalides are less frequently encountered than other organic compounds, but reactions such as nucleophilic substitutions/eliminations that they undergo will be encountered. Alkyl halide chemistry is model for mechanistically similar but more complex reactions.