Psychology

Aim A general expression of what the researcher intends to investigate Hypothesis A precise and operationalised statement about the assumed relationship between variables Directional Hypothesis States the direction of the predicted difference between two conditions or two groups of participants Non-directional Hypothesis Predicts simply that there is a difference between two conditions or two groups of participants without stating the direction of the difference Independent Variabl...

what is your sex? whether you are biologically male or female what is your gender? the way you act and identify yourself what is 'androgynous'? having a balanced combination of masculine and feminine characteristics what are sex-roles? the particular behaviours expected of men and women what are sex-role stereotypes? ideas about sex-roles that are widely held but tend to be narrow, inflexible, and over generalised 2 what was bem's self-report questionnaire known as? the bem sex ...

Who is associated with the emergence of psychology as a science? Wundt What is 'introspection'? The first systematic attempt at examining thought processes using feelings, emotions and sensations. What are the key assumptions of the biological approach? Behaviour originates from biological structures: genes, nervous system and neurochemistry. What are the 3 causes of behaviour according to the biological approach? Genes and evolution, biological structures and neurochemistry. What ...

Psychology The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those functions affecting behaviour in a given context Science A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective observation, with the aim to discover general laws Introspection (Wundt) The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations Cartesian dualism (Descartes) The mind and body are ind...

Sex Whether an individual is biologically male or female Gender The social and psychological characteristics of males and females Sex-role stereotypes Types of qualities and characteristics seen as appropriate for each sex Female sex-role stereotypes Nurturing, co-operative, domestic, emotional, passive Male sex-role stereotypes Strong, independent, physical, aggressive, unemotional Sources of sex-role stereotypes 2 Primary socialisation, school, careers, media, culture, Seavey (197...

What type of disorder is depression? A mood disorder What are the two types of depression? Major depressive disorder - 2+ weeks of a major depressive episode Persistent depressive disorder - long term and/or re-occurring depressive episodes Cognitive characteristics of depression Irrational and negative self beliefs Emotional characteristics of depression Negative emotions e.g. sadness, apathy, anger Behavioural characteristics of depression Increased or decreased levels of activity, e...

Content analysis An observational technique where a type of media is sampled to find out how often particular words, images or ideas are mentioned Coding unit The level data of data being analysed in a content analysis Correlation A mathematical technique showing the relationship between two co-variables Case study An in depth investigation, describing and analysing a single individual, group, institution or event Longitudinal 2 A study is ______________ when researchers collect se...

Capacity This is a measure of how much can be held in memory. It is represented in terms of bits of information, such as number of digits Coding (Encoding) The way information is changed so that it can be stored in memory. Information enters the brain via the senses (e.g. eyes and ears). It is then stored in various forms such as visual codes like a picture acoustic codes (sounds) or semantic codes (the meaning of the experience) Duration A measure of how long a memory lasts before ...

Neural and hormonal influences Limbic system (amygdala and the hippocampus) Serotonin Testosterone Neural influences (limbic system) Kluver and Bucy The Amygdala relates emotional info with a physical action For example when an animal is confronted by another dangerous animal then the first animal may adopt an aggressive stance. (So relates fear with the stance) 2 Kluver and Bucy- when the amygdala is removed, the animal no longer responds to the fear stimulus with an aggressiv...

Aim for Meltzoff + Moore (Attachment) To test for interactional synchrony Participants for Meltzoff + Moore (Attachment) Babies Procedure for Meltzoff + Moore (Attachment) - Adult model displayed one of three facial expressions/hand movements - At first, a dummy was placed in baby's mouth to prevent response - Then the dummy was removed + the display was repeated - Baby's response was filmed Findings for Meltzoff + Moore (Attachment) There was strong association between baby's + adu...