Sociology: Chapter 16 Religion. 100% Verified Chapter 16 Religion Multiple Choice 1. A paradox about religion discussed in your text is that: a. Religions that are more demanding of their followers grow faster than less strict religions, but as a religion grows larger, it tends to become less strict. b. Religions that are more demanding grow very slowly, yet their members are more strongly attached to the religion, so it is a more powerful social force. c. Religions that are less demanding grow quickly, but their members are less committed, so they are not a powerful social force. d. Religions that are less demanding grow very slowly, but since their membership changes quite quickly, it seems as if they have many followers. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 583 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 2. Defined broadly, religion is: a. holy and special practices to help individuals become closer to God. b. a set of shared stories, beliefs, and practices about sacred things that guide beliefs and behaviors. c. an individual’s way of making sense of the world. d. the opium of the masses. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 3. The sacred realm is: a. special, reserved, set apart from everyday use, unknowable, and mystical. b. make-believe. c. special and reserved, but incorporated into everyday life. d. mundane. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 4. Objects and behaviors that are profane are: a. part of everyday life. b. objectionable. c. able to inspire awe in people. d. unnatural. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 5. Maria and Steve are on summer vacation in Greece. They want to go into an old church to view the artwork inside, but before they are allowed to enter the church, a volunteer church worker asks them both to cover their bare legs and arms and provides them with coverings. This example illustrates: a. how supernatural beliefs of one group can affect the lives of others. b. how the sacred and profane mix easily. c. how religious believers can be intolerant of the way other people live. d. how places considered sacred are often protected and set apart from what is considered profane. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 585 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religion 6. Sacred things can include books, buildings, days, and places. From a sociological standpoint, the sacredness comes from: a. the item itself. b. the symbolic meaning created from the collective investment of community. c. the meaning God gave to the object. d. holy scriptures. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 7. Theism is ____________; examples of it include ____________. a. the belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water b. the belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism c. the adherence to ethical principles; Taoism and Buddhism d. the worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 8. Ethicalism is ____________; examples of it are ____________. a. the belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water b. the belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism c. the adherence to ethical principles in order to live a moral life; Taoism and Buddhism d. the worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 9. Animism is ____________; examples of it are ____________. a. the belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water b. the belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism c. the adherence to ethical principles in order to live a moral life; Taoism and Buddhism d. the worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 10. A ____________ is a group of people who get together for worship. a. denomination b. religion c. church d. congregation DIF: Easy REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 11. Approximately what percentage of people in the world identify themselves as Christian? a. 15% b. 25% c. 33% d. 50% DIF: Moderate REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 12. The second-largest religion in the world and in the United States is: a. Hinduism. b. Protestantism. c. Catholicism. d. Islam. DIF: Easy REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 13. The ____________ population of the United States has grown since the 1960s due to immigration from countries like Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, along with countries in the Middle East. a. Hindu b. Muslim c. secular d. fundamentalist DIF: Moderate REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 14. As is the case within Christianity, denominational divisions exist within Islam. The main division is between which two groups? a. Sunnis and Shiites b. Islamists and Islamic fundamentalists c. Muslims and Islamists d. secularists and fundamentalists DIF: Moderate REF: Page 588 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 15. Buddists adhere to certain principles to lead a moral life. This is called: a. animism. b. theism. c. ethicalism. d. pluralism. DIF: Easy REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 16. Christianity would be called a(n) ____________ religion. a. animistic b. ethicalist c. pluralistic d. theistic DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religion 17. All religions began as: a. denominations. b. cults. c. animism. d. civil religions. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 620 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 18. Civil religion is: a. a set of laws that reinforce religious freedoms. b. a set of sacred beliefs that become so commonly accepted by most people that they become part of a national culture. c. the veneration of respected political leaders (such as the founders of a nation) to the status of prophets or saints. d. when laws are believed in so fully that people begin to treat them as if they are sacred. DIF: Easy REF: Page 584 TOP: Factual OBJ: Civil Religion 19. Which of the following is an example of civil religion? a. laws that forbid employers to ask about a job applicant’s religion b. movements to abolish the death penalty c. national holidays such as Washington’s birthday and Martin Luther King Day d. when political leaders end speeches with the phrase “God bless America” DIF: Moderate REF: Page 584 TOP: Applied OBJ: Civil Religion 20. The United States is a pluralist country. The one thing that might hold it together is the idea of a common patriotism. This could be called: a. theism. b. animism. c. a sacred canopy. d. a civil religion. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 584 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Civil Religion 21. Which question is a sociologist of religion most likely to ask? a. “Which religion offers the most access to universal truths?” b. “How are religious beliefs patterned by social forces?” c. “What is the individual’s experience of faith and religion?” d. “Does God exist?” DIF: Difficult REF: Page 585 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociology of Religion 22. Which of the following statements is least likely to be made by a sociologist? a. “Religious beliefs and practices are a method of social organization.” b. “Only monotheistic religions are real religions.” c. “Religion is a powerful mechanism of social control.” d. “Religion can be a conservative force that prevents groups of people from recognizing their oppression and subordination.” DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 23. To understand the role of religion in people’s lives and how individuals value and experience their faiths, which type of sociological approach should we adopt? a. microsociology b. mesosociology c. macrosociology d. all of the above DIF: Moderate REF: Page 603 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociology of Religion 24. Which of the following is NOT a way that sociologists study religion? a. exploring the ways people use religion to make sense of scientific discoveries b. understanding the purposes religion serves for individuals and societies c. examining why people are attracted to certain religions d. determining which religions possess and profess absolute truths DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 602–604 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 25. Peter Berger stated that religion shapes our social world, but at the same time, it is influenced by our social world. This, he noted, is a: a. contradiction. b. dialectical relationship. c. pluralistic notion. d. civil religion. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 26. Today, sociologists tend to study religion from a ____________ perspective. This allows them to look at everyday human interactions, practices, and beliefs on a small scale. a. microsociology b. macrosociology c. middle-range theory d. neo-Marxist DIF: Difficult REF: Page 602 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 27. Karl Marx referred to religion as the “opium of the masses.” By this, he meant which of the following statements? a. Some people can become hooked on religion like others become addicted to drugs like opium. b. Some people sell religion to others like a commodity or a drug. c. Religion pacifies people with promises of the afterlife; as a result, they are not troubled by social inequalities. d. Religion keeps people pacified with promises of rewards in the afterlife; therefore, they do not challenge the subjugating, exploitative, and alienating social conditions in this life. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 589 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Theory 28. Evidence to support the conflict perspective of religion comes from all of the following EXCEPT: a. In the caste system in India, people were born into statuses that determined their life chances. This system was thought to be the natural way of the world and ordained by the gods. b. African American churches have been sources of social support, social networking, and political activism, as well as providing congregants with a haven from their marginalized place in society. c. Christianity in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was used as a justification for imperialist expansion into non-Christian counties. d. Evangelical Christian women are less likely to work outside the home, tend to marry earlier, and have more children than nonevangelical women. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 590 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Theory 29. Scholars have criticized Marx’s notions about religion, specifically its failure to: a. take religion seriously. b. account for the social support function served by religion. c. explain the relationship between religion and the development of capitalism. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 590 TOP: Factual OBJ: Conflict Theory 30. In what way are the conclusions of Weber and Marx similar? a. To Weber, religion was central to the development of capitalism; to Marx, capitalism would crumble if people stopped believing in God. b. To Weber, religion was a fundamental and permanent part of human societies; to Marx, religion was necessary to maintain stratification. c. To Weber, people in the modern world are trapped in the iron cage; to Marx, people in the modern world are alienated. d. To Weber, the modern world is full of faithful people who are high on religion; to Marx, religion is like a drug. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 592–593 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Theory | Max Weber on Religion 31. According to Marx, one of the ways a factory owner (capitalist) would control his workers (proletariats) would be through religion. This was done by: a. teaching the workers that they would reap their reward in the afterlife. b. locking them in church unless they were on the assembly line. c. keeping them so busy with church activities they didn’t have time to form a rebellion. d. teaching them that they were unworthy of earthly pleasures. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 589–590 TOP: Applied OBJ: Conflict Theory 32. Weber wondered how ____________ entered the modern world when the premodern worldview was governed by ____________. a. tradition; irrationality b. faith; reason c. capitalism; feudalism d. rationality; tradition DIF: Difficult REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 33. Weber likened the history of society to a train, and ideas to the switchmen of the tracks. What does this mean? a. Ideas can be powerful forces to create change and alter the course of history when they are believed by enough people at the right time. b. Ideas control the actions of people and can stop the progress of society. c. Ideas control the materialistic human urge to hoard wealth, much like a train will speed out of control if not slowed down. d. Ideas control the basic human urge toward individualism by keeping people in the same society moving down the same track together. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 593 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 34. Max Weber wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. In this work he proposed that modern societies were moving from tradition or habit to a. rationality. b. atheism. c. magic. d. Buddhism. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 35. Max Weber visited the United States in 1904. He was greatly influenced by: a. George Washington. b. inner-city life. c. Benjamin Franklin. d. agricultural life. DIF: Easy REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 36. Weber’s idea that Protestantism was the most important driving force behind the spread of capitalism was contested by Daniel Chirot (1985), who said it wasn’t the development of Protestantism that influenced the spread of capitalism, but the major impetus was: a. geography. b. family form. c. belief in magic. d. movement toward equality. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 593 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 37. According to Max Weber, in order to understand what drives social action, we must try to understand what meanings social realities have for others. This is called which of the following? a. symbolic realism b. schadenfreude c. Verstehen d. gestalt DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 590–591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Verstehen 38. According to Weber, which religion was a necessary condition for the development of capitalism? a. Catholicism b. Protestantism c. Hinduism d. Judaism DIF: Easy REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Protestant Ethic 39. Calvinists believed that their souls were selected for salvation before birth. This is known as: a. rationality. b. self-sacrifice. c. predestination. d. faith. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 592 TOP: Factual OBJ: Protestant Ethic 40. The idea that you are preselected by God for salvation is one of the basic tenets behind: a. Judaism. b. Buddhism. c. feudalism. d. Protestantism. DIF: Easy REF: Page 592 TOP: Factual OBJ: Protestant Ethic 41. According to Durkheim, religion is created by ____________, and religious expressions represent ____________. a. hardship; delusions b. a higher being; the will of God c. sacred power; individual desires d. social interaction; collective realities DIF: Difficult REF: Page 594 TOP: Factual OBJ: Émile Durkheim on Religion 42. Which of the following statements is NOT one that reflects Durkheim’s thoughts about religion? a. Sacred objects have power and meaning because individuals collectively invest the power and meaning in the symbols. b. Because of tension between different religious groups in pluralistic societies, religion undermines social unity. c. When people conform to the rules of their religion, they are conforming to the moral authority of their society. d. We need to look at the functions that religion serves in order to understand how religion develops. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 594–595 TOP: Applied OBJ: Émile Durkheim on Religion 43. Durkheim felt that one of the major functions of religion was that it perpetuates: a. sexism. b. racism. c. solidarity. d. inequality. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 594 TOP: Factual OBJ: Émile Durkheim on Religion 44. Which of the following is an example of how social solidarity and collective conscience function? a. Jake attends school in a racially and ethnically diverse city. It is difficult to find many social norms that all of the students share, but most say they believe in God. b. Zara is a Jewish girl who attends a Catholic school, not for religious reasons but for the quality of the education. Despite this difference, she feels accepted by most of her peers. c. Max attends a church youth group regularly. Because he is active in group-sponsored activities and has been socialized to the norms of this group, he is less likely to spend time with peers who may engage in deviant activities. d. Moira’s religion teaches that it is wrong to have premarital sex, so when she becomes sexually active, she hides it from her friends and family. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 595 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Solidarity 45. Research has shown that religious attendance and affiliation are inversely correlated with alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. Which of the following is a valid conclusion of this? a. Religion causes people to have positive behavioral outcomes. b. People who are less likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs are more drawn to religion. c. Healthy lifestyles are closer to the will of God. d. We cannot determine if religion causes healthy lifestyles or if some other factor predisposes healthy behavior and religion. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 595 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Solidarity 46. The trend in industrial nations toward a separation between church and state, a belief in rationality and science, and the movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief is known as: a. rationality b. modernity c. blasphemy d. secularism DIF: Moderate REF: Page 588 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularization 47. Secularization is: a. the process by which a religious group becomes seen as a fringe group that deviates from the main teachings and doctrines of a church. b. the transformation of a society away from religion and toward a separation of religious and social institutions such as politics, the economy, and the family. c. the confinement of religious interests to narrow and specific tenets, rather than an acceptance of all parts of religious doctrine. d. none of the above. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularization 48. Which of the following is NOT an example of secularization? a. Mark and Tessa seek premarital counseling from a therapist rather than a member of the clergy. b. Crosses are used for decoration and worn as fashion accessories. c. The government announces a number of faith-based initiatives for the provision of social services. d. In France, students are forbidden to wear religious items while at school. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 596 TOP: Applied OBJ: Secularization 49. During the 1960s some social scientists touted the secularization theory. This theory predicted: a. an increase in the number of people calling themselves religious. b. that the influence of religion would be diminished in the coming years. c. the United States moving toward one mono-religion. d. a decrease in people attending services, but an increase in the number of people believing in God. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularizaton 50. Peter Berger wrote, in the 1960s, that the world was becoming more secular. Recently he wrote that: a. he was wrong, and most of the world today is certainly religious. b. rather than becoming more secular, the world is becoming more solidified. c. capitalism is responsible for the lack of religion still found today. d. rather than becoming more secular, most of the world has a new religion called atheism. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 600 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularization 51. What is pluralism? a. the presence and coexistence of many different groups within one society b. tolerance for other beliefs and making sense of the world, but recognizing that there is only one right way to live c. the reduction of all social processes and structures to a single theoretical explanation d. the tensions that arise when there are multiple religious groups within an increasingly secular society DIF: Difficult REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 52. In the 1960s, Peter Berger wrote that pluralism would cause a ____________ in which religion would lose its legitimacy, as the ____________ would come apart. The result would be psychological malaise and a loss of meaning to life. a. secularization of society; tenets of faith b. diversity of belief structures; society c. resurgence of faith; tenets of faith d. crisis of credibility; sacred canopy DIF: Difficult REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 53. Which of the following is NOT a central belief of evangelical Protestants? a. The Bible is without error. b. Salvation comes only through belief in Jesus. c. Conversion is not required to be saved. d. proselytism DIF: Moderate REF: Page 598 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 54. A difference between evangelical Protestants and fundamentalist Christians is that: a. fundamentalists believe that the Bible should be taken literally; evangelicals do not. b. fundamentalists believe that we should engage with the world; evangelicals separate themselves from society. c. fundamentalists separate themselves from the world; evangelicals try to win converts by engaging with the world. d. fundamentalists are conservative Protestants; evangelicals are more liberal. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 598 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religious Pluralism 55. What percentage of Americans claim a religious affiliation? a. 11% b. 24% c. 65% d. 86% DIF: Moderate REF: Page 597 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Affiliation 56. With regard to people changing their religious affiliation, which of the following is TRUE? a. Nearly all Americans change their religious affiliation more than once during adulthood. b. There is more growth among conservative Protestant denominations; moderate and liberal denominations have lost members. c. Teenagers tend to feel less connected to religion once they have “shopped around” for a denomination. d. Religion shopping is less common among young adults than it is among middle-aged adults. DIF: Easy REF: Page 614 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Affiliation 57. When asked if they attend church services at least once a month, about 60% of Americans say they do. But when daily diaries of people’s activities are examined, rates of church attendance are much lower. This problem of self-reporting of positive behaviors is known within sociology as: a. guilt avoidance. b. social desirability bias. c. embarrassment avoidance. d. normative adherence. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 600 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Attendance 58. For some followers of religion, embodied practices make the religious experience feel more authentic and real. Which of the following is NOT an embodied practice? a. dancing b. breathing c. shaking hands d. beliefs DIF: Moderate REF: Page 603 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religious Experience 59. Some sociologists of religion, such as Kelly Besecke, study how people reconcile scientific knowledge with religious beliefs. Besecke found that American Christians practice “reflexive spirituality.” This means: a. that people automatically believe the central tenets of their religion, even if they are at odds with science. b. that people begin to see the spirit world as involved in making human life possible. c. that people look to religion to provide meaning, wisdom, and profound thought rather than absolute truths about the way the world works. d. that people experience cognitive dissonance when it comes to science and belief. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 603 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reflexive Spirituality 60. Which of the following features was NOT part of the social context of early nineteenth-century America, a time when religious faiths were becoming networks for social change? a. rapid population growth b. new communications infrastructure c. strong national institutions d. market expansion DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 604–605 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion Chapter 16 Religion Multiple Choice 1. A paradox about religion discussed in your text is that: a. Religions that are more demanding of their followers grow faster than less strict religions, but as a religion grows larger, it tends to become less strict. b. Religions that are more demanding grow very slowly, yet their members are more strongly attached to the religion, so it is a more powerful social force. c. Religions that are less demanding grow quickly, but their members are less committed, so they are not a powerful social force. d. Religions that are less demanding grow very slowly, but since their membership changes quite quickly, it seems as if they have many followers. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 583 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 2. Defined broadly, religion is: a. holy and special practices to help individuals become closer to God. b. a set of shared stories, beliefs, and practices about sacred things that guide beliefs and behaviors. c. an individual’s way of making sense of the world. d. the opium of the masses. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 3. The sacred realm is: a. special, reserved, set apart from everyday use, unknowable, and mystical. b. make-believe. c. special and reserved, but incorporated into everyday life. d. mundane. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 4. Objects and behaviors that are profane are: a. part of everyday life. b. objectionable. c. able to inspire awe in people. d. unnatural. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 5. Maria and Steve are on summer vacation in Greece. They want to go into an old church to view the artwork inside, but before they are allowed to enter the church, a volunteer church worker asks them both to cover their bare legs and arms and provides them with coverings. This example illustrates: a. how supernatural beliefs of one group can affect the lives of others. b. how the sacred and profane mix easily. c. how religious believers can be intolerant of the way other people live. d. how places considered sacred are often protected and set apart from what is considered profane. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 585 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religion 6. Sacred things can include books, buildings, days, and places. From a sociological standpoint, the sacredness comes from: a. the item itself. b. the symbolic meaning created from the collective investment of community. c. the meaning God gave to the object. d. holy scriptures. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 7. Theism is ____________; examples of it include ____________. a. the belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water b. the belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism c. the adherence to ethical principles; Taoism and Buddhism d. the worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 8. Ethicalism is ____________; examples of it are ____________. a. the belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water b. the belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism c. the adherence to ethical principles in order to live a moral life; Taoism and Buddhism d. the worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 9. Animism is ____________; examples of it are ____________. a. the belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water b. the belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism c. the adherence to ethical principles in order to live a moral life; Taoism and Buddhism d. the worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 10. A ____________ is a group of people who get together for worship. a. denomination b. religion c. church d. congregation DIF: Easy REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 11. Approximately what percentage of people in the world identify themselves as Christian? a. 15% b. 25% c. 33% d. 50% DIF: Moderate REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 12. The second-largest religion in the world and in the United States is: a. Hinduism. b. Protestantism. c. Catholicism. d. Islam. DIF: Easy REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 13. The ____________ population of the United States has grown since the 1960s due to immigration from countries like Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, along with countries in the Middle East. a. Hindu b. Muslim c. secular d. fundamentalist DIF: Moderate REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 14. As is the case within Christianity, denominational divisions exist within Islam. The main division is between which two groups? a. Sunnis and Shiites b. Islamists and Islamic fundamentalists c. Muslims and Islamists d. secularists and fundamentalists DIF: Moderate REF: Page 588 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 15. Buddists adhere to certain principles to lead a moral life. This is called: a. animism. b. theism. c. ethicalism. d. pluralism. DIF: Easy REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 16. Christianity would be called a(n) ____________ religion. a. animistic b. ethicalist c. pluralistic d. theistic DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religion 17. All religions began as: a. denominations. b. cults. c. animism. d. civil religions. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 620 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 18. Civil religion is: a. a set of laws that reinforce religious freedoms. b. a set of sacred beliefs that become so commonly accepted by most people that they become part of a national culture. c. the veneration of respected political leaders (such as the founders of a nation) to the status of prophets or saints. d. when laws are believed in so fully that people begin to treat them as if they are sacred. DIF: Easy REF: Page 584 TOP: Factual OBJ: Civil Religion 19. Which of the following is an example of civil religion? a. laws that forbid employers to ask about a job applicant’s religion b. movements to abolish the death penalty c. national holidays such as Washington’s birthday and Martin Luther King Day d. when political leaders end speeches with the phrase “God bless America” DIF: Moderate REF: Page 584 TOP: Applied OBJ: Civil Religion 20. The United States is a pluralist country. The one thing that might hold it together is the idea of a common patriotism. This could be called: a. theism. b. animism. c. a sacred canopy. d. a civil religion. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 584 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Civil Religion 21. Which question is a sociologist of religion most likely to ask? a. “Which religion offers the most access to universal truths?” b. “How are religious beliefs patterned by social forces?” c. “What is the individual’s experience of faith and religion?” d. “Does God exist?” DIF: Difficult REF: Page 585 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociology of Religion 22. Which of the following statements is least likely to be made by a sociologist? a. “Religious beliefs and practices are a method of social organization.” b. “Only monotheistic religions are real religions.” c. “Religion is a powerful mechanism of social control.” d. “Religion can be a conservative force that prevents groups of people from recognizing their oppression and subordination.” DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 23. To understand the role of religion in people’s lives and how individuals value and experience their faiths, which type of sociological approach should we adopt? a. microsociology b. mesosociology c. macrosociology d. all of the above DIF: Moderate REF: Page 603 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociology of Religion 24. Which of the following is NOT a way that sociologists study religion? a. exploring the ways people use religion to make sense of scientific discoveries b. understanding the purposes religion serves for individuals and societies c. examining why people are attracted to certain religions d. determining which religions possess and profess absolute truths DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 602–604 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 25. Peter Berger stated that religion shapes our social world, but at the same time, it is influenced by our social world. This, he noted, is a: a. contradiction. b. dialectical relationship. c. pluralistic notion. d. civil religion. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 26. Today, sociologists tend to study religion from a ____________ perspective. This allows them to look at everyday human interactions, practices, and beliefs on a small scale. a. microsociology b. macrosociology c. middle-range theory d. neo-Marxist DIF: Difficult REF: Page 602 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 27. Karl Marx referred to religion as the “opium of the masses.” By this, he meant which of the following statements? a. Some people can become hooked on religion like others become addicted to drugs like opium. b. Some people sell religion to others like a commodity or a drug. c. Religion pacifies people with promises of the afterlife; as a result, they are not troubled by social inequalities. d. Religion keeps people pacified with promises of rewards in the afterlife; therefore, they do not challenge the subjugating, exploitative, and alienating social conditions in this life. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 589 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Theory 28. Evidence to support the conflict perspective of religion comes from all of the following EXCEPT: a. In the caste system in India, people were born into statuses that determined their life chances. This system was thought to be the natural way of the world and ordained by the gods. b. African American churches have been sources of social support, social networking, and political activism, as well as providing congregants with a haven from their marginalized place in society. c. Christianity in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was used as a justification for imperialist expansion into non-Christian counties. d. Evangelical Christian women are less likely to work outside the home, tend to marry earlier, and have more children than nonevangelical women. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 590 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Theory 29. Scholars have criticized Marx’s notions about religion, specifically its failure to: a. take religion seriously. b. account for the social support function served by religion. c. explain the relationship between religion and the development of capitalism. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 590 TOP: Factual OBJ: Conflict Theory 30. In what way are the conclusions of Weber and Marx similar? a. To Weber, religion was central to the development of capitalism; to Marx, capitalism would crumble if people stopped believing in God. b. To Weber, religion was a fundamental and permanent part of human societies; to Marx, religion was necessary to maintain stratification. c. To Weber, people in the modern world are trapped in the iron cage; to Marx, people in the modern world are alienated. d. To Weber, the modern world is full of faithful people who are high on religion; to Marx, religion is like a drug. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 592–593 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Theory | Max Weber on Religion 31. According to Marx, one of the ways a factory owner (capitalist) would control his workers (proletariats) would be through religion. This was done by: a. teaching the workers that they would reap their reward in the afterlife. b. locking them in church unless they were on the assembly line. c. keeping them so busy with church activities they didn’t have time to form a rebellion. d. teaching them that they were unworthy of earthly pleasures. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 589–590 TOP: Applied OBJ: Conflict Theory 32. Weber wondered how ____________ entered the modern world when the premodern worldview was governed by ____________. a. tradition; irrationality b. faith; reason c. capitalism; feudalism d. rationality; tradition DIF: Difficult REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 33. Weber likened the history of society to a train, and ideas to the switchmen of the tracks. What does this mean? a. Ideas can be powerful forces to create change and alter the course of history when they are believed by enough people at the right time. b. Ideas control the actions of people and can stop the progress of society. c. Ideas control the materialistic human urge to hoard wealth, much like a train will speed out of control if not slowed down. d. Ideas control the basic human urge toward individualism by keeping people in the same society moving down the same track together. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 593 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 34. Max Weber wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. In this work he proposed that modern societies were moving from tradition or habit to a. rationality. b. atheism. c. magic. d. Buddhism. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 35. Max Weber visited the United States in 1904. He was greatly influenced by: a. George Washington. b. inner-city life. c. Benjamin Franklin. d. agricultural life. DIF: Easy REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 36. Weber’s idea that Protestantism was the most important driving force behind the spread of capitalism was contested by Daniel Chirot (1985), who said it wasn’t the development of Protestantism that influenced the spread of capitalism, but the major impetus was: a. geography. b. family form. c. belief in magic. d. movement toward equality. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 593 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 37. According to Max Weber, in order to understand what drives social action, we must try to understand what meanings social realities have for others. This is called which of the following? a. symbolic realism b. schadenfreude c. Verstehen d. gestalt DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 590–591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Verstehen 38. According to Weber, which religion was a necessary condition for the development of capitalism? a. Catholicism b. Protestantism c. Hinduism d. Judaism DIF: Easy REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Protestant Ethic 39. Calvinists believed that their souls were selected for salvation before birth. This is known as: a. rationality. b. self-sacrifice. c. predestination. d. faith. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 592 TOP: Factual OBJ: Protestant Ethic 40. The idea that you are preselected by God for salvation is one of the basic tenets behind: a. Judaism. b. Buddhism. c. feudalism. d. Protestantism. DIF: Easy REF: Page 592 TOP: Factual OBJ: Protestant Ethic 41. According to Durkheim, religion is created by ____________, and religious expressions represent ____________. a. hardship; delusions b. a higher being; the will of God c. sacred power; individual desires d. social interaction; collective realities DIF: Difficult REF: Page 594 TOP: Factual OBJ: Émile Durkheim on Religion 42. Which of the following statements is NOT one that reflects Durkheim’s thoughts about religion? a. Sacred objects have power and meaning because individuals collectively invest the power and meaning in the symbols. b. Because of tension between different religious groups in pluralistic societies, religion undermines social unity. c. When people conform to the rules of their religion, they are conforming to the moral authority of their society. d. We need to look at the functions that religion serves in order to understand how religion develops. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 594–595 TOP: Applied OBJ: Émile Durkheim on Religion 43. Durkheim felt that one of the major functions of religion was that it perpetuates: a. sexism. b. racism. c. solidarity. d. inequality. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 594 TOP: Factual OBJ: Émile Durkheim on Religion 44. Which of the following is an example of how social solidarity and collective conscience function? a. Jake attends school in a racially and ethnically diverse city. It is difficult to find many social norms that all of the students share, but most say they believe in God. b. Zara is a Jewish girl who attends a Catholic school, not for religious reasons but for the quality of the education. Despite this difference, she feels accepted by most of her peers. c. Max attends a church youth group regularly. Because he is active in group-sponsored activities and has been socialized to the norms of this group, he is less likely to spend time with peers who may engage in deviant activities. d. Moira’s religion teaches that it is wrong to have premarital sex, so when she becomes sexually active, she hides it from her friends and family. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 595 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Solidarity 45. Research has shown that religious attendance and affiliation are inversely correlated with alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. Which of the following is a valid conclusion of this? a. Religion causes people to have positive behavioral outcomes. b. People who are less likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs are more drawn to religion. c. Healthy lifestyles are closer to the will of God. d. We cannot determine if religion causes healthy lifestyles or if some other factor predisposes healthy behavior and religion. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 595 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Solidarity 46. The trend in industrial nations toward a separation between church and state, a belief in rationality and science, and the movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief is known as: a. rationality b. modernity c. blasphemy d. secularism DIF: Moderate REF: Page 588 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularization 47. Secularization is: a. the process by which a religious group becomes seen as a fringe group that deviates from the main teachings and doctrines of a church. b. the transformation of a society away from religion and toward a separation of religious and social institutions such as politics, the economy, and the family. c. the confinement of religious interests to narrow and specific tenets, rather than an acceptance of all parts of religious doctrine. d. none of the above. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularization 48. Which of the following is NOT an example of secularization? a. Mark and Tessa seek premarital counseling from a therapist rather than a member of the clergy. b. Crosses are used for decoration and worn as fashion accessories. c. The government announces a number of faith-based initiatives for the provision of social services. d. In France, students are forbidden to wear religious items while at school. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 596 TOP: Applied OBJ: Secularization 49. During the 1960s some social scientists touted the secularization theory. This theory predicted: a. an increase in the number of people calling themselves religious. b. that the influence of religion would be diminished in the coming years. c. the United States moving toward one mono-religion. d. a decrease in people attending services, but an increase in the number of people believing in God. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularizaton 50. Peter Berger wrote, in the 1960s, that the world was becoming more secular. Recently he wrote that: a. he was wrong, and most of the world today is certainly religious. b. rather than becoming more secular, the world is becoming more solidified. c. capitalism is responsible for the lack of religion still found today. d. rather than becoming more secular, most of the world has a new religion called atheism. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 600 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularization 51. What is pluralism? a. the presence and coexistence of many different groups within one society b. tolerance for other beliefs and making sense of the world, but recognizing that there is only one right way to live c. the reduction of all social processes and structures to a single theoretical explanation d. the tensions that arise when there are multiple religious groups within an increasingly secular society DIF: Difficult REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 52. In the 1960s, Peter Berger wrote that pluralism would cause a ____________ in which religion would lose its legitimacy, as the ____________ would come apart. The result would be psychological malaise and a loss of meaning to life. a. secularization of society; tenets of faith b. diversity of belief structures; society c. resurgence of faith; tenets of faith d. crisis of credibility; sacred canopy DIF: Difficult REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 53. Which of the following is NOT a central belief of evangelical Protestants? a. The Bible is without error. b. Salvation comes only through belief in Jesus. c. Conversion is not required to be saved. d. proselytism DIF: Moderate REF: Page 598 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 54. A difference between evangelical Protestants and fundamentalist Christians is that: a. fundamentalists believe that the Bible should be taken literally; evangelicals do not. b. fundamentalists believe that we should engage with the world; evangelicals separate themselves from society. c. fundamentalists separate themselves from the world; evangelicals try to win converts by engaging with the world. d. fundamentalists are conservative Protestants; evangelicals are more liberal. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 598 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religious Pluralism 55. What percentage of Americans claim a religious affiliation? a. 11% b. 24% c. 65% d. 86% DIF: Moderate REF: Page 597 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Affiliation 56. With regard to people changing their religious affiliation, which of the following is TRUE? a. Nearly all Americans change their religious affiliation more than once during adulthood. b. There is more growth among conservative Protestant denominations; moderate and liberal denominations have lost members. c. Teenagers tend to feel less connected to religion once they have “shopped around” for a denomination. d. Religion shopping is less common among young adults than it is among middle-aged adults. DIF: Easy REF: Page 614 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Affiliation 57. When asked if they attend church services at least once a month, about 60% of Americans say they do. But when daily diaries of people’s activities are examined, rates of church attendance are much lower. This problem of self-reporting of positive behaviors is known within sociology as: a. guilt avoidance. b. social desirability bias. c. embarrassment avoidance. d. normative adherence. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 600 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Attendance 58. For some followers of religion, embodied practices make the religious experience feel more authentic and real. Which of the following is NOT an embodied practice? a. dancing b. breathing c. shaking hands d. beliefs DIF: Moderate REF: Page 603 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religious Experience 59. Some sociologists of religion, such as Kelly Besecke, study how people reconcile scientific knowledge with religious beliefs. Besecke found that American Christians practice “reflexive spirituality.” This means: a. that people automatically believe the central tenets of their religion, even if they are at odds with science. b. that people begin to see the spirit world as involved in making human life possible. c. that people look to religion to provide meaning, wisdom, and profound thought rather than absolute truths about the way the world works. d. that people experience cognitive dissonance when it comes to science and belief. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 603 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reflexive Spirituality 60. Which of the following features was NOT part of the social context of early nineteenth-century America, a time when religious faiths were becoming networks for social change? a. rapid population growth b. new communications infrastructure c. strong national institutions d. market expansion DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 604–605 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 61. In which two early social movements were religious groups involved? a. voting rights and civil rights b. abolition and temperance c. abortion and abolition d. women’s rights and the right to life DIF: Easy REF: Page 605 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 62. The linking of social movements with religion demonstrates: a. the popularity of religion. b. the recognition of morality only within a religious framework. c. the powerful capacity of religion to shape the social world. d. the lack of efficiency of political action to create social change. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 605 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 63. Which of the following was NOT a social resource of black church communities that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was able to draw upon? a. social networks b. organized church structures c. funding d. armies DIF: Easy REF: Page 606 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 64. Which of the following is a negative social function of religion? a. Religion can be a means of creating political momentum for change. b. Religion can strengthen social cohesion. c. Religion can justify differences between groups in society. d. Religion can be a means of expressing group identify and culture. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 605–607 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 65. In its level of religiosity, the United States is similar to: a. other wealthy industrialized nations. b. other wealthy democratic nations. c. some poor and low-income developing nations. d. former Communist nations. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 597 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 66. The faith of Americans tends to be more broad than deep. This is evidenced by which of the following results from research? a. People from 65 countries were asked to rate, on a scale of 1 to 10, the importance of God in their lives; 50% of Americans responded with a 10. b. Of those Americans who agree that the Bible is the inspired word of God, only half can name the first book of the Bible. c. 58% of Americans believe in the devil and 77% believe in heaven. d. A little over 26% of Americans are white evangelical Protestants. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 598 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 67. The opening story in Chapter 16 of your text discusses Cecil Bothwell, a man running for council in Asheville, NC. The controversy was that he considered himself a “post-theist.” This is essentially the same as a(n): a. Mormon. b. atheist. c. sectarian. d. octarian. DIF: Easy REF: Pages 584–585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 68. With regard to family and religion, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Catholic parents encourage more independence in their children than do Protestants. b. Religious teenage girls tend to be less sexually active than their peers. c. Conservative Protestants tend to get married earlier in life and have more children than liberal Protestants. d. Protestant parents are more likely than Catholic parents to use corporal punishment. DIF: Easy REF: Page 607 TOP: Factual OBJ: Family 69. With regard to gender and religion, which of the following statement is FALSE? a. Women’s groups exist in a third of all congregations; men’s groups exist in about a quarter. b. Women tend to be more religious than men. c. Women’s organizations in churches have maintained their numbers even as women have entered the workforce in greater numbers since the 1970s. d. Traditional religious beliefs tend to be correlated with traditional gender roles. DIF: Easy REF: Page 609 TOP: Factual OBJ: Gender 70. College faculty members in the ____________ are much more likely to belong to churches and express religious commitment than are faculty in the ____________. a. natural, physical, and engineering sciences; social sciences, law, and humanities b. South; North c. social sciences, law, and humanities; natural, physical, and engineering sciences d. disciplines with more female students; disciplines with more male students DIF: Moderate REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 71. There have been a greater number of ____________ presidents of the United States than any other religion. a. Baptist b. Methodist c. Episcopalian d. Catholic DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 72. One of the most “upper-class” religions is: a. fundamentalism. b. Episcopalianism. c. Buddhism. d. Judaism. DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 73. As people age they: a. become more secular. b. become less religious. c. become more religious. d. become more cranky. DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Age 74. Protestantism is split into many different ____________, or groups that share the same faith and are governed by the same administration. Examples are Baptists, Lutherans, and Methodists. a. denominations b. congregations c. sects d. churchs DIF: Moderate REF: Page 619 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sect-Church Cycle 75. Which of the following defines a “church”? a. a religious body that has a high degree of tension with civil society b. a religious body that coexists with its surroundings with little tension c. a religious body that offers an alternative to secular engagement d. a religious movement that makes new claims about the supernatural DIF: Easy REF: Page 619 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sect-Church Cycle Completion 1. The ____________ is the unknowable and mystical, inspiring in individuals feelings of awe and wonder. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 2. ____________ is the most prevalent religion in the world. hristianity DIF: Easy REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 3. Followers of liberal Islam try to reconcile ____________ with their ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 588 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 4. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are all split among multiple ____________, big groups of ____________ that share the faith and are governed under one administrative umbrella. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 5. ____________ is the shared beliefs and ideas, ways of thinking and knowing that we call religion. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 595 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Solidarity 6. In a ____________ society like the United States, the competition between churches makes the quality of religion better than it would be under a state-controlled religious monopoly. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 614 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 7. Jen’nan Read is a sociologist who writes about Muslims in America. She found that the Muslim women in Amerca who are more likely to wear the veil, or hijab, are ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 599 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 8. Weekly church attendance is ____________ in former Communist countries. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 601 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Attendance 9. Today a ____________ percentage of Americans go to church at least once a month than among the Canadians, Spanish, Australians, and British. DIF: Easy REF: Page 600 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Attendance 10. ____________ is a contemporary religious movement that encourages looking to religion for meaning and wisdom rather than absolute truths. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 603 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reflexive Spirituality 11. Because women lacked any formal political power, the ____________ movement of the nineteenth century became an acceptable outlet for women to exert influence outside of the home. DIF: Easy REF: Page 605 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 12. Religion shapes social institutions like ____________, as well as shaping the microlevel perceptions and choices, such as ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Pages 607–611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 13. Thirty years ago, voting behavior and ____________ were best predicted by a person’s income. Today, however, ____________ best predict voting and party affiliation. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 612 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 14. The major difference between evangelicals and fundamentalists is ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 598 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 15. Studies have shown that ____________ men make more affectionate husbands than ____________ men. DIF: Easy REF: Pages 607–608 TOP: Factual OBJ: Family 16. McDonald’s sponsors ____________, a national spiritual dance-off competition. DIF: Easy REF: Page 609 TOP: Factual OBJ: Race 17. Women’s organizations in religion have been on the ____________ since women have joined the workforce in larger numbers. ecline DIF: Moderate REF: Page 610 TOP: Factual OBJ: Gender 18. ____________ are still more likely to be overrepresented at the top of the status, social class, and political hierarchy in America. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 19. One out of four U.S. presidents has been a member of the ____________ Church. DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 20. Religion tends to be geographic, meaning that in certain areas of the United States there are certain types of religions. Lutherans tend to live ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 612 TOP: Factual OBJ: Geography and Politics 21. One of the best predictors of voting behavior today is religion. Thirty years ago it was ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 612 TOP: Factual OBJ: Geography and Politics 22. Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism began as __________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 620 TOP: Factual OBJ: Cults 23. The idea that a churchgoer is going to be rewarded in the future through eternal salvation or eternity in heaven is called ____________. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 614 TOP: Factual OBJ: Commercialization of Religion 24. Megachurch ministries model themselves after ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 613 TOP: Factual OBJ: Megachurches 25. The Promise Church in Queens, NY, is home to a mostly Korean American Pentecostal congregation. This church was created to win over young Koreans left in the city after many prosperous Koreans moved out of Queeens, called the ____________ by Koreans. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 616 TOP: Factual OBJ: Megachurches Essay 1. Give an example of how the sacred is separated from the profane. What social functions are served by this separation? 2. Rather than trying to discover the “truth” in religion, sociologists tend to study religion because: 4. What are some criticisms of Karl Marx’s view of religion? 5. Explain how, according to Max Weber, Protestantism was central to the development of modern capitalism. 6. How could Peter Berger’s idea of the sacred canopy explain why religious people tend to live longer and experience fewer symptoms of depression? 7. Contrary to secularization theory, which posited that pluralism would undermine the credibility of faith, why have Americans maintained high levels of religiosity? 8. Religion in the United States has been found to be more broad than deep. Explain. 9. If you were raised in a conservative Protestant family versus a less religious family, your family life would be different in what ways? 10. Why have black churches played a stronger role in the secular lives of their congregations than in white churches? 11. Is religion a strictly integrative force? 12. What is the sect-church cycle? How can this help us understand social change? 13. How is the profane being used to sell the sacred? How is this related to “megachurches”? and Social Movements 61. In which two early social movements were religious groups involved? a. voting rights and civil rights b. abolition and temperance c. abortion and abolition d. women’s rights and the right to life DIF: Easy REF: Page 605 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 62. The linking of social movements with religion demonstrates: a. the popularity of religion. b. the recognition of morality only within a religious framework. c. the powerful capacity of religion to shape the social world. d. the lack of efficiency of political action to create social change. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 605 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 63. Which of the following was NOT a social resource of black church communities that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was able to draw upon? a. social networks b. organized church structures c. funding d. armies DIF: Easy REF: Page 606 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 64. Which of the following is a negative social function of religion? a. Religion can be a means of creating political momentum for change. b. Religion can strengthen social cohesion. c. Religion can justify differences between groups in society. d. Religion can be a means of expressing group identify and culture. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 605–607 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 65. In its level of religiosity, the United States is similar to: a. other wealthy industrialized nations. b. other wealthy democratic nations. c. some poor and low-income developing nations. d. former Communist nations. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 597 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 66. The faith of Americans tends to be more broad than deep. This is evidenced by which of the following results from research? a. People from 65 countries were asked to rate, on a scale of 1 to 10, the importance of God in their lives; 50% of Americans responded with a 10. b. Of those Americans who agree that the Bible is the inspired word of God, only half can name the first book of the Bible. c. 58% of Americans believe in the devil and 77% believe in heaven. d. A little over 26% of Americans are white evangelical Protestants. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 598 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 67. The opening story in Chapter 16 of your text discusses Cecil Bothwell, a man running for council in Asheville, NC. The controversy was that he considered himself a “post-theist.” This is essentially the same as a(n): a. Mormon. b. atheist. c. sectarian. d. octarian. DIF: Easy REF: Pages 584–585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 68. With regard to family and religion, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Catholic parents encourage more independence in their children than do Protestants. b. Religious teenage girls tend to be less sexually active than their peers. c. Conservative Protestants tend to get married earlier in life and have more children than liberal Protestants. d. Protestant parents are more likely than Catholic parents to use corporal punishment. DIF: Easy REF: Page 607 TOP: Factual OBJ: Family 69. With regard to gender and religion, which of the following statement is FALSE? a. Women’s groups exist in a third of all congregations; men’s groups exist in about a quarter. b. Women tend to be more religious than men. c. Women’s organizations in churches have maintained their numbers even as women have entered the workforce in greater numbers since the 1970s. d. Traditional religious beliefs tend to be correlated with traditional gender roles. DIF: Easy REF: Page 609 TOP: Factual OBJ: Gender 70. College faculty members in the ____________ are much more likely to belong to churches and express religious commitment than are faculty in the ____________. a. natural, physical, and engineering sciences; social sciences, law, and humanities b. South; North c. social sciences, law, and humanities; natural, physical, and engineering sciences d. disciplines with more female students; disciplines with more male students DIF: Moderate REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 71. There have been a greater number of ____________ presidents of the United States than any other religion. a. Baptist b. Methodist c. Episcopalian d. Catholic DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 72. One of the most “upper-class” religions is: a. fundamentalism. b. Episcopalianism. c. Buddhism. d. Judaism. DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 73. As people age they: a. become more secular. b. become less religious. c. become more religious. d. become more cranky. DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Age 74. Protestantism is split into many different ____________, or groups that share the same faith and are governed by the same administration. Examples are Baptists, Lutherans, and Methodists. a. denominations b. congregations c. sects d. churchs DIF: Moderate REF: Page 619 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sect-Church Cycle 75. Which of the following defines a “church”? a. a religious body that has a high degree of tension with civil society b. a religious body that coexists with its surroundings with little tension c. a religious body that offers an alternative to secular engagement d. a religious movement that makes new claims about the supernatural DIF: Easy REF: Page 619 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sect-Church Cycle Completion 1. The __

Sociology Chapter 13. 100% Chapter 13 Education 1. Broadly defined, education is: a. spontaneous and unplanned exposure to cultural ideas and tools. b. a program of formal and systematic instruction that deals only with developing academic skills. c. those experiences that train and discipline mental and physical potentials. d. the processes through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools—both general and specific—are developed. DIF: Easy REF: Page 471 TOP: Factual OBJ: Education 2. Which of the following is NOT a criticism that a Marxist theorist of education would make of how schools have socialized children to dominant cultural values? a. Schools are pawns of the capitalist classes. b. Schools teach skills that make students subordinate. c. Schools make students too patriotic. d. Schools socialize children to be obedient so they will become good workers. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 473 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Socialization 3. Knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable are known as: a. human capital. b. social capital. c. cultural capital. d. socialization. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 472 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Capital 4. Jackson’s parents pay for him to take private violin lessons and send him to language lessons after school. In the summer, he attends science camp. His parents try to take him on one vacation to a foreign country every year. Jackson’s parents hope that these activities will build his skills and better position him to get into a competitive university. Jackson’s parents are investing in his: a. social capital. b. cultural capital. c. human capital. d. community capital. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 472 TOP: Applied OBJ: Human Capital 5. At 9:05 a.m., the bell rings and children file into their third-grade classroom. The first student to sit at his or her desk—book open and pencil ready to write—wins a star for the day. The students love this little bit of competition. This example of nonacademic socialization (which can teach students the benefit of competition) can be referred to as: a. the silent curriculum. b. the hidden curriculum. c. the master curriculum. d. the invisible curriculum. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 472 TOP: Applied OBJ: Hidden Curriculum 6. According to your text, approximately what percentage of the nation’s population 16 years and older is functionally illiterate? a. 2% b. 14% c. 25% d. 44% DIF: Easy REF: Page 471 TOP: Factual OBJ: Functional Illiteracy 7. William, a 17-year-old high school student, chooses products in the grocery store by looking at the pictures on the labels of the goods on the shelves because he cannot read many of the words. William would be considered: a. functionally illiterate. b. innumerate. c. unschooled. d. functionally literate. DIF: Easy REF: Page 471 TOP: Applied OBJ: Functional Illiteracy 8. According to your text, approximately what percentage of the nation’s population 16 years and older is innumerate? a. 3% b. 14% c. 22% d. 46% DIF: Easy REF: Pages 471–472 TOP: Factual OBJ: Innumeracy 9. Though she graduated from high school, Jenny does not possess the skills necessary to balance her checkbook or make change for a customer without the aid of a cash register. Jenny is: a. undereducated. b. unschooled. c. innumerate. d. functionally illiterate. DIF: Easy REF: Pages 471–472 TOP: Applied OBJ: Innumeracy 10. A paradox of the American education system is that: a. education is the only social institution that not all people have access to even though all people pay for it. b. education is a social institution that provides everyone with equal opportunities even though students come from a variety of backgrounds. c. education is a social institution that stratifies students based on the characteristics of their backgrounds even though it is intended to provide equal opportunity. d. education is a social institution that reinforces existing social inequalities of race and ethnicity but equalizes opportunities for male and female students and for students of different socioeconomic backgrounds. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 469 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: U.S. Education 11. What was the Coleman Report? a. A systematic, wide-scale evaluation of data from students and school facilities that showed that the most important factor explaining educational differences between schools is characteristics of the school. b. A systematic, small-scale study showing lower educational performance of elementary school students attending an overcrowded Brooklyn school in a former roller skating rink compared to students attending a public school in a more affluent section of New York City. c. A systematic, small-scale study reporting few educational differences between elementary school students attending an overcrowded Brooklyn school in a former roller skating rink compared to students attending a public school in a more affluent section of New York City. d. A systematic, wide-scale evaluation of data from students and school facilities that showed that differences in school characteristics explained only a small portion of educational differences between schools. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 476–477 TOP: Factual OBJ: Coleman Report 12. Results from the Coleman Report were surprising because findings indicated that: a. achievement differences between schools could be explained best by family background and peers with whom children attended school. b. black children would do best in majority black schools. c. all students had similar outcomes. d. schools enhance social capital more than academic skills. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 476–477 TOP: Factual OBJ: Coleman Report 13. Thomas transfers to a new school when his family moves to a new district, and he is placed in a classroom with students who have slightly higher average math grades than he does. Thomas is concerned that he will fall behind. Based on the research, what is the most likely outcome? a. Thomas will fall behind and should be moved into a classroom where he has the highest scores. b. Thomas will succeed and make academic gains when he is in the classes with other high achievers. c. Thomas will become frustrated and decide to leave school before completing his degree. d. Thomas will make stronger academic gains if he is tracked into a class with lower-achieving students. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 485 TOP: Applied OBJ: Coleman Report 14. One of the most interesting findings from the Coleman Report was that: a. when upper-status students went to school with fewer lower-class students, their grades fell. b. when lower-class students went to school with more upper-status students, their grades improved. c. when males and females were separated in classes, both groups’ grades improved. d. when all students were on vacation during the summer, they all lost ground with regard to knowledge. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 476 TOP: Factual OBJ: Coleman Report 15. What was the name of the landmark court ruling that mandated desegregation of American schools? a. Brown v. Board of Education b. Kozol v. Board of Education c. Coleman v. Board of Education d. STAR v. Board of Education DIF: Easy REF: Page 476 TOP: Factual OBJ: Brown v. Board of Education 16. Which of the following is NOT a finding of research examining the effects of class size on educational achievement? a. Schools with smaller class sizes benefit students more than schools with larger classes. b. Class size in elementary school does not predict educational achievement as long as the classroom is composed of students of the same intelligence levels. c. Students who have been in small classes are less likely to have discipline problems when they are subsequently placed in regular-sized classes. d. Short-term and long-term benefits of smaller classrooms are stronger for minority and low-income students. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 447 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class Size 17. Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of Project STAR? a. It was a longitudinal study that spanned four years. b. Teachers and students were randomly assigned to small or regular-sized classes with or without a teacher’s aide. c. The students were aged 13 to 17. d. The study was conducted by the Tennessee State Department of Education. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 477 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class Size 18. Taking into account students’ family backgrounds, ____________ schools tend to outperform ____________ schools in preparing children academically. a. less expensive private; very expensive private b. public; Catholic c. non-Catholic private; Catholic d. Catholic; non-Catholic private DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 477–478 TOP: Factual OBJ: Private versus Public Schools 19. Studies show that ____________ school students score highest on achievement tests, followed by ____________ school students. a. Catholic; secular private and public b. secular private; Catholic and public c. public; secular private and Catholic d. secular private; public and Catholic DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 477–478 TOP: Factual OBJ: Private versus Public Schools 20. Jacqui is a student at a Catholic middle school. One day she is asked by her friends from the public school to skip school. Though Jacqui wants to be with her friends and is excited by the thought of breaking the rules, she decides not to go. Jacqui is concerned that if she were seen skipping school, her actions would reflect badly on her school, her parents, and her teachers. She also does not want to undermine the trust that adults have placed in her. This example illustrates how ____________ in Catholic schools may influence behavior. a. human capital b. community capital c. cultural capital d. social capital DIF: Moderate REF: Page 478 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Capital 21. Which of the following would NOT be an example of social capital? a. A high percentage of students at St. Mary’s Academy take music lessons and are taking college preparatory classes. b. Teachers at Catholic schools and the parents of their students may interact at church. c. Parents, teachers, and students may share similar values regarding education and will reinforce similar norms for behavior. d. Parents volunteer to work in the library of a public school that does not have the funding to pay a librarian’s salary. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 478 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Capital 22. Social capital is: a. the knowledge and skills individuals can build to make themselves competitive. b. the collection of relationships that can facilitate the actions and behaviors of others. c. social class and cultural differences in types of knowledge that people can use to their advantage. d. the center of socialization resources that a group of people has at its disposal. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 478 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Capital 23. When classrooms are divided into ability levels, type of preparation, or according to future plans, it is called: a. vocational training. b. remediation. c. tracking. d. college preparation. DIF: Easy REF: Page 479 TOP: Factual OBJ: Tracking 24. Which of the following is NOT an argument in support of the sorting function served by schools? a. Students are sorted in ways that reproduce existing social inequalities. b. Students can be taught different skills and socialized in ways consistent with their likely future plans. c. Students can be tracked into different paths according to their abilities. d. Students who are not adequate can be eliminated. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 474 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Tracking 25. Which of the following is NOT an argument in support of tracking in schools? a. Tracking is instrumental in preparing students for future positions in higher education or jobs. b. Tracking creates a better learning environment because students’ goals and skills are matched to the curricula. c. Students who are tracked into vocational-training programs are less likely to be unemployed and will enter the workforce as skilled employees. d. Systems of tracking socialize students to the inequalities they will encounter in American society. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 479 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Tracking 26. Which of the following is NOT an argument against tracking in schools? a. Tracking is problematic because there are differences in the content of materials and the quality of instruction among different levels. b. Tracking benefits students in the upper and lower tracks but does not provide benefits to students who are in a general track in between vocational and college-bound students. c. Tracking benefits children with less advantaged backgrounds, but only if their parents can advocate on their behalf to get them into college preparatory tracks. d. Children from higher social class backgrounds are more likely to be in college preparatory tracks, even when other factors like achievement test scores are taken into account. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 479–480 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Tracking 27. The research on teacher quality demonstrates that: a. it is difficult to identify characteristics that will make effective teachers because these characteristics are hard to quantify. b. teachers with higher levels of education and degrees from more competitive colleges are more effective classroom leaders. c. experience, measured by years in the classroom, is a key predictor of teachers’ effectiveness. d. teachers are most effective when they are teaching a standardized curriculum. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 482–484 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Teacher Quality 28. All of the following are among the best practices for effective teaching listed by Langlois and Zales EXCEPT: a. minimizing class time devoted to noninstructional activities. b. maintaining a fixed routine. c. adopting strategies to encourage students to share compliments and insults. d. having clear expectations for acceptable behavior and consistent penalties for rule violations. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 484 TOP: Factual OBJ: Teacher Quality 29. In 2008, approximately what percentage of American adults over age 25 had a college degree? a. 13% b. 29% c. 41% d. 64% DIF: Moderate REF: Page 485 TOP: Factual OBJ: Credentialism 30. One of the problems with credentialism is that more and more students (with their parents’ help) are attempting to attend private schools at higher rates or to be placed in the best tracks in their public school. This may be one of the reasons: a. more and more employers are not askng for educational accomplishments at job interviews. b. that parents are even attempting to have their children be accepted at the “right” day care, sometimes even before they are born. c. fewer and fewer boys are graduating from college. d. fewer people are able to perform their actual jobs. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 486 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Credentialism 31. Marilee Jones, former dean of admissions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), resigned from her position in April 2007 after it came to light that she had fabricated her academic record and claimed to have academic degrees she did not have. While this is an extreme case, it illustrates the overemphasis on qualifications such as college degrees in order to be hired for a job. This is known as: a. credentialism. b. overeducation. c. educationalism. d. the college bias. DIF: Easy REF: Page 486 TOP: Applied OBJ: Credentialism 32. As more people obtain college degrees and it becomes unreasonable for students to stay in school for most of their young adulthood, what is one consequence? a. People will begin to seek more on-the-job training, but an unintended consequence will be that only some people will be able to afford to take unpaid internships. b. Students will begin to earn more dual majors while they are in college. c. People will seek to differentiate themselves not only by having a degree, but also by earning degrees from the most selective and prestigious colleges and universities. d. People will eventually give up trying to compete for jobs that require credentials of higher education, and shortages of workers will result. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 487 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Credentialism 33. Which of the following is a functionalist explanation for the increased number of Americans with college degrees throughout the course of the twentieth century? a. Competition for scarce jobs requires that Americans become overqualified for the jobs they want. b. Americans need to become more educated to remain competitive with workers from other countries where students outperform Americans in math and science. c. More education increases the amount of trust individuals have in others and how much they will participate in their communities. d. Jobs have become more skilled and technologically advanced, and a more educated workforce is necessary to fill these jobs. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 485–486 TOP: Factual OBJ: Functionalist Perspective 34. According to functionalist theories of education, which of the following would NOT be a function of the American education system? a. socialization to the norms of dominant American culture b. sorting students into adult social roles through granting certain credentials c. indoctrination into capitalist ideology d. custodial care for children of working parents DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 485–486 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Functionalist Perspective 35. Which of the following is most likely to be a conflict perspective argument about why education levels have continually risen in the United States over the course of the last century? a. Competition for scarce jobs requires that Americans become overqualified for the jobs they want. b. As education became more common for all people, social elites needed to obtain more education in order to set themselves apart from others. c. A result of industrialization is that jobs have become more and more skilled, and a more educated workforce is required to fill these positions. d. More education increases the amount of trust people have in others, and this tends to reduce social conflicts. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 486–487 TOP: Factual OBJ: Conflict Perspective 36. Which of the following is NOT an argument that would be made by a conflict theorist? a. At all levels, the system of education in America produces inequality. b. During elementary school, children are socialized to skills that will help them become adults who will be obedient workers. c. Contrary to the American ideology, schools are not meritocratic places. d. Schools are the one place where all children, despite their family background, can move up in the world. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 486–487 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Perspective 37. What was the nature of the scandal surrounding the SAT Reasoning Test in the spring of 2006? a. The College Board admitted that there was a scoring error that incorrectly scored more than 4,000 tests, with the errors tending to underestimate scores. b. The College Board admitted that there was a scoring error that incorrectly scored all of the tests taken in October 2005, and that those scores were overestimated by 10 to 25%. c. The College Board announced that new research showed that the SAT does not accurately predict college outcomes. d. The College Board announced that one’s high school grade point average (GPA) is a stronger predictor of college GPA in the first year than is the SAT. DIF: Easy REF: Page 487 TOP: Factual OBJ: The SAT 38. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your text as a criticism of using the SAT as a college admissions criterion? a. Most of the time, college admissions officers would make the same admissions decisions using information only from students’ high school records; furthermore, low SAT scores might disqualify from admission students who are otherwise academically talented. b. The SAT does a good job of predicting college performance for white students only; it does not, however, predict college success among black or Hispanic students. c. The SAT does not predict college success well for older students who have been out of high school for some time; admission criteria need to be adjusted for adult students. d. Scores on the SAT are consistently correlated with ethnicity, race, and social class; therefore, the SAT might be biased toward certain groups of students. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 488–490 TOP: Factual OBJ: The SAT 39. The SAT was developed in order to provide children from public schools with a chance to demonstrate their fitness for college and to show they were as able as students from private high schools. It is therefore ironic that: a. researchers now question how meritocratic the SAT is, because the SAT may test knowledge that is biased against certain groups. b. elite colleges and universities are increasingly deciding to not base admissions decisions on the SAT. c. students from private schools still score higher on the SAT. d. students from public schools are less likely to take the SAT than are students from private schools. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 500 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: The SAT 40. When studies control for family background characteristics, the SAT: a. becomes highly predictive of college success. b. predicts college graduation rates. c. no longer predicts college grades very well. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 500 TOP: Factual OBJ: The SAT 41. What might be a reason that upper-status students score higher on SATs? a. Their IQs are higher. b. They are less likely to actually take the test multiple times. c. They are all white. d. Their parents are better able to obtain help for them, as in SAT prep courses and extra tutoring if they are doing poorly in school. DIF: Easy REF: Page 494 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: The SAT 42. Affirmative action practices refer to: a. policies that promote to higher grades students who have not completed the academic requirements needed to pass to the next grade level. b. policies that guarantee college admission to black and Hispanic applicants. c. policies that encourage minority recruitment on college campuses. d. policies that grant preferential treatment to subgroups within a population. DIF: Easy REF: Page 490 TOP: Factual OBJ: Affirmative Action 43. Espenshade, Chung, and Walling (2004) studied admission to elite colleges and found that group A was four times more likely to gain admission, and group B was three times more likely to be admitted. Group A and B are, respectively: a. black and female students. b. Latino students and athletes. c. athletes and legacy students. d. black and Latino students. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 490 TOP: Factual OBJ: Affirmative Action 44. Which of the following statements is true with regard to preferential admissions to colleges and universities? a. In the past 15 years, admissions preference for athletes has risen steadily, surpassing that of minority students. b. In the past 15 years, affirmative action programs have taken spots away from white students at elite colleges and universities. c. In the past 15 years, preferential admissions for minority students have taken spots away from white students at the least selective colleges and universities only, but not at elite universities. d. In the past 15 years, affirmative action programs have not significantly increased diversity on college and university campuses. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 490 TOP: Factual OBJ: Affirmative Action 45. Which of the following statements is false? a. Admissions decisions to colleges and universities include preferential treatment for race, ethnicity, gender, and other characteristics such as unusual backgrounds, leadership experiences, or having grown up in a rural area. b. Affirmative action programs at colleges and universities are designed to provide opportunities to historically underrepresented groups and to increase diversity on campuses. c. Abolishing affirmative action programs would significantly increase white students’ chances of gaining admission to elite schools. d. When black and Hispanic students attend more selective colleges and universities, they have a greater chance of graduating. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 490–492 TOP: Applied OBJ: Affirmative Action 46. If affirmative action programs were eliminated, which group would be most likely to see an increase in chances of admission to elite colleges and universities? a. black students b. female students c. Hispanic students d. Asian students DIF: Moderate REF: Page 491 TOP: Factual OBJ: Affirmative Action 47. According to Espenshade and Chung (2005), eliminating affirmative action programs would do which of the following? a. sharply lower the number of legacy admissions at elite colleges and universities b. decrease black and Hispanic admission acceptance rates by one-half to two-thirds c. increase by one-third the number of women admitted to elite universities d. not change the percentage of minority students at elite colleges and universities DIF: Difficult REF: Page 492 TOP: Factual OBJ: Affirmative Action 48. Which of the following is NOT a sociological criticism of the idea that IQ affects educational outcomes? a. Standardized IQ tests measure only one kind of intelligence, and other types might be related to educational success. b. IQ tests are culturally biased against some groups. c. If there is a relationship between innate intelligence and educational performance, then there is no need to look at social factors. d. There is great difficulty in measuring innate intelligence, independent of social forces that might affect cognitive development. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 492–493 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: IQ 49. Which of the following is NOT an element of socioeconomic status? a. educational attainment b. racial background c. occupational prestige d. income DIF: Easy REF: Page 493 TOP: Factual OBJ: Inequality in Education 50. With regard to race and high school graduation rates, which of the following is correct? a. In 2007, about 95% of blacks aged 25 and older had graduated from high school compared to nearly 100% of whites in the same age range. b. In 2007, about 82% of blacks aged 25 and older had graduated from high school compared to about 86% of whites in the same age range. c. In 2007, about 18% of blacks aged 25 and older had graduated from high school compared to about 86% of whites in the same age range. d. In 2007, about 28% of blacks aged 25 and older had graduated from high school compared to 45% of whites in the same age range. DIF: Easy REF: Page 497 TOP: Factual OBJ: Inequality in Education 51. With regard to race and college degree completion, which of the following is correct? a. In 2007, about 86% of blacks aged 25 and older had graduated from college as opposed to about 28% of whites in the same age range. b. In 2007, about 81% of blacks aged 25 and older had graduated from college as opposed to about 86% of whites in the same age range. c. In 2007, about 18% of blacks aged 25 and older had graduated from college as opposed to about 29% of whites in the same age range. d. In 2007, about 28% of blacks aged 25 and older had graduated from college as opposed to about 18% of whites in the same age range. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 497–498 TOP: Factual OBJ: Inequality in Education 52. With regard to research on the effects of race and social class on education outcomes, which of the following is true? a. White students appear to do better than minority students until social class characteristics are controlled for; then white students have lower educational achievements than minority students. b. When social class characteristics are controlled for, the same gaps in tests scores between black and white students remain; black students are still less likely to graduate from high school; and black students are more likely to be held back a grade. c. White students do better than Asian American, Hispanic, and black students when social class characteristics are taken into account. d. When social class characteristics are controlled for, test score gaps between black and white students shrink, black students have a higher high school graduation rate, and black students are less likely to be held back a grade. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 498 TOP: Factual OBJ: Inequality in Education 53. Which of the following examples would NOT be supported by the research findings on the influence of home characteristics on education? a. During the summer, children from higher socioeconomic status backgrounds make educational gains, while children from lower socioeconomic status families experience greater summer setbacks. b. The activities of summer camps, community programs, and home environments are not important factors in the academic achievements of higher social class children who are performing well during the school year. c. Activities and summer programs for low-income children could help reduce some of the summer setbacks in achievement they experience. d. Many of the differences in black–white educational achievement gaps can be explained by social class differences rather than racial differences. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 498 TOP: Applied OBJ: Class 54. Suzanne and Jessica are best friends. Both have been in the same classes throughout elementary school, and have performed similarly with respect to grades. Suzanne’s dad owns his own company, and her mom is a lawyer. Jessica’s dad is a plumber, and her mom works at Walmart. All other things being equal, which is a true statement? a. Suzanne is more likely than Jessica to stay in school longer, score higher on cognitive tests, and be placed in college preparatory classes in high school. b. Suzanne and Jessica are both equally likely to graduate from high school, go to college, and score the same on cognitive tests. c. Suzanne is more likely to stay in school longer, but both girls are equally likely to be placed in college preparatory tracks in high school. d. There is not enough information here to determine which statement is true. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 493–494 TOP: Applied OBJ: Cultural Capital 55. Cultural capital refers to: a. a regional center of arts, music, and entertainment. b. the personal investments people can make to become more bankable and productive. c. the benefits people derive from being in networks with other people. d. social-class-based skills and resources that people inherit and can use to their advantage. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 495 TOP: Factual OBJ: Cultural Capital 56. According to Bourdieu, the three types of cultural capital are: a. social, human, and cultural. b. embodied, objectified, and institutional. c. race, class, and gender. d. innate, learned, and social. DIF: Easy REF: Page 495 TOP: Factual OBJ: Cultural Capital 57. Which of the following illustrates the concept of cultural capital? a. Mark, a 23-year-old welder, returns to school, completes several degrees, and eventually becomes a college professor. His sister, Jane, does not attend college and works in a retail position. b. Chantal, a high school senior, is able to spend the summer working as a nanny for a wealthy family on Cape Cod because her mother also worked for the family. Her friends, however, remain in their hometown for the summer. c. Joshua and Sam have both earned bachelor’s degrees from a local university and are now interviewing for the same job. When Joshua goes into the job interview, he is able to discuss art, architecture, and travel experiences he had while growing up. Sam has not had these same experiences and is not able to have the same kind of conversations with the interviewers. d. Cesar is one of only a few Hispanic students in his high school. He does not spend time with other Hispanic students, preferring to join teams with all white students. DIF: Easy REF: Page 495 TOP: Applied OBJ: Cultural Capital 58. The embodied cultural capital that parents have may work with institutional cultural capital. Which of the following illustrates this? a. If a parent has confidence in social settings, he or she may be better able to advocate for children in front of the school board or at parent–teacher meetings. b. A parent may have more money to be able to send his or her child to private tutorials, and the child may then earn higher test scores. c. A parent has a higher level of education and is therefore able to talk to principals and school administrators as a peer. d. If a parent does not have time to volunteer in school, teachers may think that he or she does not care about the child. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 495 TOP: Applied OBJ: Cultural Capital 59. One of the major reasons that lower-status parents use more directives and teach their children to be more obedient than inquisitive is that: a. they aren’t sure who all their children are. b. they tend to have jobs that require them to be obedient and they want their children to learn this. c. they don’t have as much patience with child rearing. d. they don’t have the desire to be parents. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 495 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Cultural Capital 60. One of the major reasons Native Americans were placed in boarding schools for 60 years was: a. to protect them from war. b. to socialize them to become “civilized” Americans. c. because Native American parents were extremely physically abusive. d. because their parents no longer wanted them after they were assimilated into “American” culture. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 473 TOP: Factual OBJ: Race 61. Bill Cosby is concerned with black underachievement in the American school system. He suggests that: a. more African American parents actually parent. b. African American children begin school earlier, around the age of three. c. white students need to tutor African American students in after-school programs. d. white people adopt African American children into their homes to properly socialize them. DIF: Easy REF: Page 497 TOP: Factual OBJ: Race 62. Which of the following scenarios illustrates “stereotype threat”? a. Lesley, a Jewish high school senior, has applied to a number of colleges and universities including two well-known Christian universities. She is concerned that she will be defined by her Jewish identity if she attends a university with a large Jewish student body. b. Antoine, a black student at Yale University, is nervous about taking the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT). He fears that if his score is low, he will confirm negative perceptions about the intelligence of black men. His fear then affects his performance, and he scores lower on the actual test than he did on practice tests. c. Jack, a white student seeking admission to Harvard, is concerned that he will not be admitted to the university, despite his high class rank and SAT scores. He thinks that he will be passed up by the admissions committee in favor of a student from a minority background. d. Lee-Ann, a young black woman, decides not to apply to college despite her strong performance in college preparatory classes and good SAT scores. Her family cannot afford the tuition at a historical black university, and she is sure that at a university that does not have a large minority student body, she will be treated unfairly because of her race. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 500 TOP: Applied OBJ: Stereotypes 63. What is stereotype threat? a. This is a psychological process whereby members of a negatively stereotyped group become determined to challenge the accuracy of the stereotype. b. This is a social process in which the behaviors of members of a negatively stereotyped group are controlled by the fear that they will be exposed as belonging to the stereotyped group. c. This is a psychological process of fear that develops when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they may confirm the stereotype. d. This is a social process where members of a positively advantaged group actively challenge negative stereotypes of other groups. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 500 TOP: Factual OBJ: Stereotypes 64. With regard to biological or genetic differences between people, sociologists have found that: a. differences in IQ tests between minorities and nonminorities likely result from genetic differences between groups. b. stigmatized minorities in all countries have lower IQ scores, lower educational attainment, and lower occupational status, indicating that these minorities are biologically less able to succeed. c. stigmatized minorities in all countries have lower IQ scores, lower educational attainment, and lower occupational status, indicating that social processes of stratification and stigmatization affect the life chances of these groups. d. differences in educational attainment between minorities and nonminorities are due to a combination of genetics and negative stereotyping. DIF: Easy REF: Page 501 TOP: Factual OBJ: Stereotypes 65. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The Maori of New Zealand have lower education qualification levels than other New Zealanders. b. Maoris have lower educational attainment and IQ scores than non-Maori New Zealanders. c. The Burakumin of Japan have a history of discrimination, but have similar education achievements as non-Buraku Japanese. d. When Buraku children attend schools in the United States, they perform as well as non-Buraku Japanese children. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 501 TOP: Factual OBJ: Stereotypes 66. Contrary to popular belief: a. girls and boys score about the same in national math tests. b. boys are stronger readers than girls. c. boys attend college in greater numbers than girls. d. women and men with equal educational levels earn the same amount of money. DIF: Easy REF: Page 502 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Boy Crisis 67. In 2006, women earned ____________ % of bachelor’s degrees, and ____________ % of master’s degrees. a. 70; 24 b. 15; 4 c. 58; 61 d. 78; 86 DIF: Easy REF: Page 502 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Boy Crisis 68. Boys are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and experience problems at school; boys are also more likely to ____________ than girls. a. take math and science AP classes, and score higher b. take foreign language AP tests, but score lower c. take foreign language AP tests, and score higher d. score higher on AP math and science tests, but lower on SAT math and science tests DIF: Moderate REF: Page 502 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Boy Crisis 69. Which of the following trends in current educational achievement is NOT supported by research evidence? a. Only girls from homes where their parents are college-educated achieve as much as boys. b. Girls from all backgrounds have started to perform well since the 1960s. c. The boy–girl educational gap has a limited effect on middle- and upper-class children. d. Boys from single-parent homes perform less well in school. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 503 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Boy Crisis 70. Which of the following is a factor affecting the strong academic performance of Asian Americans? a. Asian Americans are biologically and genetically smarter than whites. b. All Asian American groups are more socioeconomically advantaged, therefore social class does not work against these groups. c. Asian Americans have not faced a history of discrimination and prejudice. d. There is a high degree of social capital in Asian American communities, and the community reinforces norms regarding education and parenting. DIF: Easy REF: Page 502 TOP: Factual OBJ: Ethnicity 71. In part because of their educational success, which group has been called the “model minority” in America? a. African Americans b. Hispanics of Cuban descent c. Hispanics of Puerto Rican descent d. Asian Americans DIF: Easy REF: Page 502 TOP: Factual OBJ: Model Minorities 72. Research has shown that the ____________ the family, the ____________ the children’s achievement on test scores and grades. a. smaller; lower b. larger; lower c. larger; higher d. None of the above; family size has no effect on children’s educational achievement. DIF: Easy REF: Page 503 TOP: Factual OBJ: Family Size 73. With regard to the effects of families on children’s educational outcomes, which of the following is true? a. Few studies show that birth order significantly affects children’s educational attainment. b. Children born later in a family are less likely to receive parental financial support for college because parents have exhausted their resources on the older children. c. When a family goes from two to three children, middle children are significantly more affected by the loss of family resources. d. Only children are an at-risk group when it comes to educational attainment. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 505 TOP: Factual OBJ: Family Size 74. A prominent hypothesis about the effect of family size on children’s educational outcomes is the: a. negative social learning model. b. positive social learning model. c. resource dilution model. d. resource enhancement model. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 504 TOP: Factual OBJ: Resource Dilution Model 75. Which of the following scenarios does NOT illustrate the resource dilution hypothesis? a. Peter and Dorothy have five children. They will not be able to spend equal time with all of their children each day. b. Lukas is an only child. He does not need to compete for his parents’ time and financial resources. c. Misha, Nisha, and Trisha are triplets. Their educational outcomes will be stronger than single-born children because they can learn from one another. d. Jeannie had her first child five years before her second. She was able to stay home with her infant daughter when her older daughter started kindergarten. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 504 TOP: Applied OBJ: Resource Dilution Model 76. What is the relationship between birth weight and education? a. Siblings who weighed less at birth exhibit lower educational attainment than their heavier siblings. b. Children who are born heavier are more likely to be bullied in school. c. Low-birth-weight children tend to exhibit signs of attention problems but only through preschool age. d. Lower birth weight predicts fewer missed days of school due to health complications. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 505 TOP: Factual OBJ: Birth Weight 77. Which of the following is an argument in favor of school vouchers? a. If parents cannot pay for their children to go to private schools, the state should pay. b. Competition for spots at the best school would be given to students who are not educationally prepared. c. If schools competed for students, the quality of education would suffer. d. In order for schooling to be equal for all children, parents should be able to decide where their children go, regardless of their ability to pay. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 505–506 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Vouchers Completion 1. As demonstrated by the Carlisle Indian Industrial School and other such institutions, the United States has a history of ____________ of children from minority backgrounds. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 473 TOP: Factual OBJ: Socialization 2. The United States is one of many industrialized countries that has tried to assimilate native populations to ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 473 TOP: Factual 3. Rather than just teaching “reading, writing, and arithmetic,” schools also teach approaches to living and attitudes to learning. This could include racism, competition, and/or sexism. This is called the ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 472 TOP: Factual OBJ: Hidden Curriculum 4. In the United States we have ____________, which means that American schools are free and mandatory until high school. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 472 TOP: Factual OBJ: U.S. Education 5. The ____________ was based on a study that looked specifically at the effects of desegregation on elementary schools. DIF: Easy REF: Page 476 TOP: Factual OBJ: Coleman Report 6. It is hypothesized that the closeness of community ties among parents, teachers, and students is one of the reasons that ____________ have strong effects. DIF: Easy REF: Page 473 TOP: Factual OBJ: Private versus Public Schools 7. ____________ is intended to create better learning environments for children. DIF: Easy REF: Page 479 TOP: Factual OBJ: Tracking 8. In some other countries, ____________ is more pronounced than in the United States, and students may be grouped into different schools altogether. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 481 TOP: Factual OBJ: Tracking 9. Your text talks about “sorting students with regard to their abilities.” This can also be called ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 479 TOP: Factual OBJ: Tracking 10. There is evidence that teachers’ ____________ of their students affect how students perform. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 482 TOP: Factual OBJ: Pressure Cooker 11. A classroom is unlike any other group. It is a bunch of people who have sustained contact in a very socially intimate situation. This is a perfect situation for what Jackson (1968) called the ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 481 TOP: Factual OBJ: Pressure Cooker 12. Teachers who are told that students are bright tend to expect more from them academically. This is know as the ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 483 TOP: Factual OBJ: Pressure Cooker 13. The same jobs that required a high school diploma 50 years ago now require a(n) ____________. ollege degree DIF: Easy REF: Page 486 TOP: Factual OBJ: Credentialism 14. Contrary to ____________ theory, much of what children learn in schools is not relevant to the jobs they will have. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 486 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Perspective 15. During the fall of 2005, inaccurate scoring ____________ about 4,000 students’ SAT scores. DIF: Easy REF: Page 487 TOP: Factual OBJ: The SAT 16. Colleges and universities often grant preferential admission to applicants who have parents or grandparents who attended that school; this is known as ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 490 TOP: Factual OBJ: Affirmative Action 17. Throughout the world, members of ____________ groups do less well with regard to education, even when they are racially indistinguishable from other groups. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 500–501 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Gene Movement 18. The effects of adding brothers to a family of children are more ____________ than adding sisters. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 504 TOP: Factual OBJ: Family Size 19. Birth spacing, number of children, and the gender composition of children in the family affect ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Pages 503–505 TOP: Factual OBJ: Family Size 20. ____________ allow students (actually their parents probably) to be able to choose where they want to go to school, regardless of whether they can pay for it. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 505 TOP: Factual OBJ: Vouchers Essay 1. What factors inside classrooms can affect students’ learning experiences and how do they do so? 2. Discuss how the American ideology of equal opportunity for all is undermined by the persistent inequalities present in the American education system. 3. Let’s say you have a 2-year-old child. Considering all the studies discussed in Chapter 13, what would you do to be assured that your child would be a successful adult with regard to education? Discuss class size, school funding, private versus public schools, type of teacher, peers, etc. 4. The Coleman Report (1966) was 10 years after Brown v. Board of Education. Did the study uphold the idea that schools were “separate but unequal”? Explain. 5. What are the pros and cons of the sorting/tracking function served by schools? 6. Discuss how tracking creates differences among students within the same schools that may be significantly greater than differences between schools. 7. Briefly outline Rosenthal and Jacobson’s 1968 study of the Pygmalion effect. Then, discuss how teachers’ expectations of students could positively and negatively affect students’ academic achievement. 8. Discuss at least three criticisms of the SAT as a criterion for college admission. 9. Do IQ tests reliably measure intelligence for everyone equally? Why or why not? 10. Explain how race and social class intersect to affect education outcomes. 11. Explain how sex and social class intersect and may account for educational differences between males and females. 12. Provide definitions of social capital, human capital, and cultural capital. Then discuss how these combine to influence educational outcomes.

POLI330 All Week Quizes Latest 2017 POLI330 Week 1 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) Anthropology applies most to political science based on which example? People are born with predispositions towards conservative or liberal views. People join groups because they have innate desires to be with others. Many ruling families maintained power by passing down their authority from one generation to the next. Power typically ends up with those with the most resources. Chapter 1, page 6 Question 2 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) Which of the following did Machiavelli contribute to the study of politics? Social contract theory The role of power in politics The role of wealth in society The connection between race and politics Chapter 1, page 7 Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) When people base their views on beliefs that may not be based in reality, they are behaving _____. irrationally rationally politically legitimately Question 4 0 / 3 pts (TCO 1) Which of the following best exemplifies sovereignty? The United States negotiating a trade agreement with Canada The people of France acknowledging the authority of their president Israel asserting jurisdiction over the Gaza Strip President Obama having the support of the people who elected him Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) The notion that you respect the United States Congress, even though it is controlled by a party with which you do not agree, pertains to _____. sovereignty authority legitimacy monarchy Question 6 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) A(n) _____ is an initial theory a researcher starts with to be proved with evidence. quantify hypothesis qualify empirical Question 7 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) When scholars consider various approaches to studying a given topic, they are most concerned with _____. reason balance theory rationality Question 8 0 / 3 pts (TCO 1) Relating concepts in a way that connects them in an empirical manner is the basis of _____ building. scholarship theory power culture Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) The subfield of _____ studies major thinkers and attempts to define the good polity. public administration comparative politics public policy political theory Question 10 0 / 3 pts (TCO 1) Which are both true for most political scientists? They think practically and seek accuracy. They seek popularity and are skeptical of power. They offer single causes and think abstractly. They are skeptical of power and offer long-term consequences. POLI330 Week 2 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Aristotle argued that the best political communities would be _____. dominated by wealthy citizens oligarchies formed by elites formed by citizens of the middle class Question 2 0 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Which of the following was of greatest concern to John Locke? Freedom of speech for all You Answered Power residing with the proletariat The right to property Voting rights Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) If _____ were alive, he might suggest that poor academic performance in schools could be attributed to a society that does not promote education and provides few resources devoted to schools. John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau Thomas Hobbes Niccolo Machiavelli Question 4 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Which of the following would most likely be supported by the bourgeoisie? Equality for all A revolt by the proletariat Minority rights Conflict for economic gain Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Which statement best supports Marxist theories? The United States provides ample opportunities for all who work hard. Similarities exist between economies in both Europe and the United States. Tax breaks will often create jobs, benefiting the working class. Uneven benefits to corporations with few benefits for workers led to the economic crises in the early 2000s. Question 6 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Adam Smith is most associated with which concept? Socialism Modern liberalism Classic liberalism Communism Question 7 0 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Thomas Hill Green might agree with which of the following? No one is forced to take a job he or she doesn’t like. Unions are necessary to protect workers against business owners. Taxes should benefit business owners because they allow owners to hire more workers. Markets regulate themselves. Question 8 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Modern conservatism adopts elements of which of the following? Economic views from Edmund Burke and social views from Adam Smith Economic and social views from Adam Smith Economic views from Adam Smith and social views from Thomas Hill Green Economic views from Adam Smith and social views from Edmund Burke Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Libertarians would like the original thoughts of _____. Karl Marx Adam Smith T. H. Green Titoism Question 10 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) _____ is an extreme form of nationalism. Liberalism Conservatism Socialism Fascism POLI330 Week 3 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) A(n) _____ is a political system without a monarch. institution monarchy state republic Question 2 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) To Aristotle, the corrupt form of monarchy is _____. democracy tyranny polity oligarchy Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) Which of the following might lead you to believe Great Britain has a quasiunitary system of government? Scotland has gained autonomy over some policy areas. Scotland remains under British control on all matters. Great Britain has a federal system of government. Great Britain has a confederal system of government. Question 4 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) In a single-member district election, the winner receives a minimum of _____. a plurality of the votes 50% of the votes two-thirds of the votes three-fourths of the votes Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) If the Green Party receives 15% of the vote in a proportional system, which of the following is likely to happen? The Green Party would receive no seats. The Green Party would try to form a coalition with other parties. The Green Party would attempt to gerrymander districts to its advantage. The Green Party would demand a recount of the votes. Question 6 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) In a _____ system, the government owns little or no industry and redistributes little in welfare programs. majoritarian proportional socialist laissez-faire Question 7 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) Judicial activism refers to _____. liberal judges conservative judges judicial restraint by judges willingness to override legislatures Question 8 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) Though rare, a “true” democracy, is a system in which _____. all citizens meet periodically to elect officials all citizens meet periodically to elect officials and personally enact laws popular accountability is common, but political competition is extremely limited the wealthy almost always have greater influence than the poor Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) Right-wing totalitarianism does not desire revolution; instead, it attempts to block _____. a leftist revolution ethnic turmoil an Islamic fundamentalist movement a libertarian revolution Question 10 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) What are features of an all-encompassing ideology? An official theory of history and economics, a portrayal of the world in black-and-white terms, and acceptance of an imperfect society An official theory of history and economics, a portrayal of the world in black-and-white terms, and claims of a perfect society An eclectic sense of history and economics, a portrayal of the world in complex terms, and claims of a perfect society An official theory of history and economics, a portrayal of the world in complex terms, and claims of a perfect society POLI330 Week 4 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) What group or groups do interest groups over represent? The wealthy and specialized interest groups Businesses and nonprofit organizations The wealthy and businesses The larger interest groups and specialized interest groups Question 2 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) Why did the 2010 healthcare reform bill contain no provision for public insurance options? The insurance industry blocked the Democrats' efforts for a public option. The people had no desire for a public option. Democrats were not interested in a public option. Farmers, heavily invested in the insurance industry, blocked them Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) A great deal of legislation originates in _____. economic downturns corporate boardrooms specialized agencies secret Question 4 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) In countries where _____, the courts become an arena of interest-group contention public defenders are unavailable the rule of law is strong judges have little power the rule of law is weak Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) By welcoming new groups into their ranks, parties _____. rob those groups of their individual interests and concerns give groups a pragmatic and psychological stake in the overall political system establish a monocultural dependence on the party system enhance political hegemony by disenfranchising voters outside of these groups Question 6 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) Why does proportional representation (PR) allow and even encourage parties to split? PR systems assign parliamentary seats in proportion to the percentage of votes in that district. PR systems designate representation on a flat regional basis. PR systems allow only a simple plurality to win. Voters in PR systems tend to be less loyal to their parties. Question 7 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) Today’s voters tend to be _____ loyal to their parties compared to the past. more less similarly equally Question 8 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) _____ gives people a stake in election outcomes, and education raises levels of interest and sophistication. Life in the suburbs Family tradition Nationalism High income Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) What was the relationship between African American voting rates and Barack Obama’s run for president? African American voting rates rose to those of white voters as African American income and education levels rose. African American voting rates unexpectedly remained far below those of white voters as African American income and education levels remained steady. African American voting rates rose to those of Hispanic voters as African American income and education levels rose. African American voting rates fell unexpectedly below those of white voters despite African American income and education levels rising. Question 10 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) Why is it that in most of the world, cities have higher turnouts than rural areas? Partly because those who live rurally tend to feel less enfranchised Partly because urbanites have higher education levels on average Partly because people who have lived in the same place are less likely to vote than are transients or newcomers Partly because men tend to vote more than women POLI330 Week 5 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 5) Because they were often at war, ambitious European monarchs desperately needed revenues. Some of them started calling assemblies of notables to levy taxes. In return for their “power of the purse,” these assemblies received a modest input into royal policies.Such were the beginnings of the _____. American Congress French Estates General British Parliament Swedish Riksdag Question 2 3 / 3 pts (TCO 5) Countries with limits on government have usually had feudal pasts, which suggests what about the dispersion of power? Equal distribution of power is the only effective political structure. Power must be distributed by the working class. Power should be concentrated among the lower classes. Dispersion of power is good and concentration of power is bad. Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 5) In a parliamentary system, voters directly elect _____. members of parliament and the prime minister members of parliament and the ministerial cabinet members of parliament only the prime minister only Question 4 3 / 3 pts (TCO 5) Voters receive the most direct representation in which system? Parliamentary Presidential Electoral Coalition Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 5) The head of ministry is equivalent to the _____ in the United States. chief of government head of state departmental secretary premier Question 6 3 / 3 pts (TCO 5) When it comes to electing officials, which factor matters the most to voters in both presidential and parliamentary elections? Party affiliation Political ideologies Money invested in campaign Personality Question 7 3 / 3 pts (TCO 4) Unlike natural law, positive law uses _____. the spirit of the law to make determinations books to reach conclusions judicial sentencing to determine case outcomes jury selection to manipulate judgment Question 8 3 / 3 pts (TCO 4) What is the U.S. Supreme Court ruling regarding state obligation to international treaties? States maintain the right to select which treaties they will observe. States have no obligation to observe international treaties. States must observe international treaties ratified by the United States. States must observe international treaties ratified by state legislatures. Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 4) Who nominates and approves federal judges in the U.S. court system? The president and the Senate The Senate and the House The President and speaker of the House The Senate and the secretary of state Question 10 3 / 3 pts (TCO 4) Which of the following best articulates the stance of judicial restraint advocates? Judicial review is the best and only true method of checking legislative power. The court should practice restraint in cases in which legislative acts are presented for interpretation. Only the executive branch can restrain the court, keeping the power of judicial review in balance with the other governing branches. Only Congress should make public policy and, unless a legislative act clearly violates the Constitution, the law should stand. POLI330 Week 6 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Radicals use the term “political economy” instead of _____ to describe their critique of capitalism and the inequitable distribution of wealth among nations. Marxism laissez-faire public choice Keynesian Question 2 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Describe British economist John Maynard Keynes’ proposal to cure economic depressions. Keynes suggested infusing the economy with government funds to promote spending. Keynes advocated for “trickle-down” economic policies. Keynes argued for stronger stimulus packages to corporations and small businesses. Keynes proposed to cure depressions by dampening the swings of the business cycle. Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) During the 1970s, critics developed this new term to describe inflation with stagnant economic growth. Growth Slope Quagmire Stagflation Recession Question 4 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Between 1965 and 1973, the percentage of Americans living below the poverty line _____. doubled greatly decreased slightly increased rapidly increased Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Which U.S. President is responsible for implementing the Food Stamp program nationwide? John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Jimmy Carter Question 6 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Which of the following is an increasing financial concern of the Medicare program? The proportion of older people in American society is increasing steadily. Every American citizen obtains Medicare on reaching age 65, regardless of class. Economic inequality renders Medicare more necessary for some than for others. Wealthy Americans are taking advantage of the Medicare system. Question 7 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Many Americans think the federal budget goes primarily toward welfare, which is _____. absolutely true somewhat exaggerated not at all the case slightly offensive Question 8 0 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Compare American and Canadian views on the size of government. Americans believe the government is too small, and Canadians feel that government intrudes on individual privacy. America and Canada are similar nations located in North America, and both Americans and Canadians feel that government is too large. Americans and Canadians generally agree that government should be larger, funding welfare programs such as Medicaid and Food Stamps. Many Americans believe government is too large, and Canadians recognize that government has a pivotal role to play and accept higher taxes. Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) What was the poverty line in 2012? $14,505 $17,060 $23,050 $26,750 Question 10 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Many conservative economists argue that some banks are _____, because they would topple the rest of the economy with them. inherently successful too big to fail destined for profit practically invincible POLI330 Week 7 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 9) Rarely the work of small bands and conspirators alone, _____ are usually the result of system collapse, which permits small but well-organized groups (often military) to take over. erosions of legitimacy acts of genocide dictatorships coups d’état Question 2 3 / 3 pts (TCO 9) Describe what can often happen in a changing society when, during times of prosperity, some people get rich faster than others. Jealousy is aroused. Politicians pay more attention to poverty. The very poor revolt. Economists become confused. Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 9) How is high unemployment relevant to civil conflict? Unemployed young men incline naturally to unrest. The unemployed tend to be passive, keeping civil conflict at bay. Unemployed mothers, desperate for their children, tend to take to the streets. The unemployed tend to be uninformed about politics, and therefore rarely take part in civil conflict. Question 4 3 / 3 pts (TCO 9) What are the aims of terrorists via their calculated acts of terrorism? To panic their enemies, to gain publicity and recruits, and to get the foe to overreact and drive more people to side with the terrorists To destroy as much of the economic strength of a nation as possible To kill national leaders To kill their enemies, to gain recruits, and to get the UN to overreact and cause more people to side with the terrorists Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 9) What is the crux of radical revolutionary thinking? An economic plan to back up political ideas Belief that it is possible to remake society Belief that violence is the key to change A purely ideological motive Question 6 0 / 3 pts (TCO 8) In theory, what is the role of foreign powers in relation to sovereign states? You Answered Foreign nations maintain satellite rule. Foreign powers “keep their fingers” in the sovereign’s politics. Foreign states have no business intruding on sovereign affairs. Foreign powers provide financial aid in times of crisis. Question 7 3 / 3 pts (TCO 8) Most countries participate in _____, a largely capitalistic competition where goods, money, and ideas flow easily to wherever there are customers. the world market free-trade agreements nontariff barriers plurilateral agreements Question 8 3 / 3 pts (TCO 8) A big war with a definitive outcome often brings peace because _____. relative power is clearly seen power struggles are safely obscured weaker powers are rendered impotent larger powers rest satisfied Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 8) Identify one major flaw in the current organization of the United Nations. Larger nations maintain greater influence over world financial issues. The organization receives support from the International Monetary Fund with no real way to repay those funds. The U.N. has too much power and thus maintains strict authority over international security matters. Permanent members of the Security Council maintain the right to veto anything they dislike. Question 10 0 / 3 pts (TCO 8) Evaluate the changing role of sovereignty in today’s international relations. International relations have reinforced the notion of sovereignty. Sovereignty is dwindling in the face of international law. Weaker nations are losing sovereignty to larger, more powerful ones. United States sovereignty has weakened due to the threat of terrorism.

SOCS185 Week 2 4 and 6 Quiz Latest 2016 Week 2 Question Question 1. Question : (TCO 1) The systematic study of human society is known as _____. psychology science anthropology sociology social psychology Question 2. Question : (TCO 1) The study of the larger world and our society’s place in it is known as _____. a social science perspective a scientific perspective a social psychological perspective a sociological perspective a global perspective Question 3. Question : (TCO 1) When Peter Berger characterized the sociological perspective as “seeing the general in the particular,” he meant that sociology allows us to _____. recognize that society has the same effect on all categories of people see that people in general are rather particular about their behaviors make generalizations about individuals’ particular habits see McArthur in his Jeep, Patton in his tank, or Bradley in his personnel carrier look for general patterns in the behavior of particular people Question 4. Question : (TCO 3) Of the major theoretical theories in sociology, which one views society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change? Social-solidarity paradigm Social-conflict theory Symbolic-interaction paradigm Structural-functional paradigm Symbolic-conflict paradigm Question 5. Question : (TCO 3) Functions of institutions that are open, stated, and conscious functions; that involve the intended, recognized consequences of any social pattern are known as _____. Oktoberfest manifest latent obvious direct Question 6. Question : (TCO 2) Which is the term for a concept that has a value that changes from case to case? Concept Measurement Changeling Variable Term Question 7. Question : (TCO 2) Independent variable is to dependent variable as _____. blood is to water effect is to cause cause is to effect variable is to constant logic is to intuition Question 8. Question : (TCO 2) A relationship in which two (or more) variables change together is called _____. a correlation a variation measurement congruence a replication an event horizon Question 9. Question : (TCO 2) What research method was used in Philip Zimbardo’s study, the “Stanford County Prison”? Captive participant observation Ethnographic field observation An experiment Participant observation The hellgrammite method Question 10. Question : (TCO 2) A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it says little about how individuals actually experience society. wanted to colorize Casablanca. ignores the influence of factors such as culture, class, gender, and race. focuses too much on class. paints a very positive picture of society. Page 2 Question 1. Question : (TCO 4) On the first day of basic training in the army, Pvt. N. Terprize has his civilian clothes replaced with army “greens,” has his hair shaved off, loses his privacy, and finds that he must use a communal bathroom and other people decide when he eats, sleeps, and what job he does. Erving Goffman would say that all these humiliating activities are part of _____. a humiliation ceremony impression management the total institution face-work a deprivation ceremony Question 2. Question : (TCO 4) Other than perceiving the competing realities in a joke, what is sometimes involved in "getting" and enjoying a joke? The joke must be universally funny. The joke must be simple. The audience must inferentially complete the joke in their minds. The joke teller must explain the joke and provide more and more information until it is understood. The listener must be able to tell a joke well in order to get a joke. Question 3. Question : (TCO 4) Which is the order of the stages of human development in Jean Piaget's model? Sensorimotor, preoperational, operational, and post operational Preoperational, post operational, concrete operational, and formal operational Sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational, and post operational Formal operation, concrete operational, preoperational, and sensorimotor Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational Question 4. Question : (TCO 4) Erving Goffman makes so many explicit parallels to the theater that his view has been termed _____. Shakespearean Theatrical Stage Directions Method Sociology the Dramaturgical Approach Question 5. Question : (TCO 4) Shrimp merchant Sheldon Devane is the son of immigrants, and lives with his aunt and uncle while enrolled at a four-year university where he is studying to be a graphic artist. Which of the following is his achieved status? Graphic artist Male Son University student Nephew Question 6. Question : (TCO 3) Taxi cab driver Peacup Andropov maintains that human behavior results from learning and has no gentic component. His position is the fundamental opposite of _____. sociobiologists G. H. Mead interactionists social paychologists structural functionalists Question 7. Question : (TCO 3) Mashie Nibblet is a pro at a country club and loves to play golf, but hates to teach it to the country club members. Mashie is experiencing _____. role conflict role strain role ambiguity role exit a handicap that, if not ironed out, would leave him feeling below par with a chip on his shoulder resulting in a stroke Question 8. Question : (TCO 3) Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance are _____. folkways mores stateways nationways s’mores Question 9. Question : (TCO 3) Standards by which members of a culture assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living are referred to as _________, and ___________ are rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. values; norms norms; values values; symbols language; norms values; language Question 10. Question : (TCO 3) All of the following are theories of cultural, EXCEPT _____. Structural-Functional Social Conflict. Anthropomorphic Sociobiology Feminist Week 4 Question 1. Question : Given North American tradition, what type of leadership would she be expected to show? Task group leadership Secondary group leadership Expressive leadership Instrumental leadership Autocratic leadership Question 2. Question : (TCO 4) Which statement reflects Georg Simmel's understanding of the dyad? She was one of the greatest marathon swimmers of all time and is a fine sports commentator. There usually is less intense interaction in a dyad. Dyads have the least potential for meaningful social bonds. One member can act as a mediator if relations become strained. Dyads are less stable than groups with many members. Question 3. Question : (TCO 4) Ross T. Farrian's itinerary for the day is to first, go to school; second, visit a maximum-security prison with his criminology class; and third, to serve dinner at the community soup kitchen. Ross is visiting, in order, a _____, _____, and _____ organization. normative, coercive, utilitarian coercive, normative, utilitarian utilitarian, coercive, normative utilitarian, normative, coercive normative, utilitarian, coercive Question 4. Question : (TCO 4) _____ feel they are trapped in the wrong body. Hermaphrodites Homosexuals Transvestites Transsexuals Transylvanians Question 5. Question : (TCO 4) Which statement is true concerning intersexual people? They are sexually attracted to both sexes. They are attracted to neither sex. They have both female and male characteristics. They have no gender. They are in the middle of gender reassignment surgery. Question 6. Question : (TCO 6) Pat Rearc argues that without norms controlling sexual behavior and thus giving the forces of sexual passion free reign, family life and the raising of children would be threatened. To which paradigm would Pat be aligned? Structural Functional Theory Symbolic Interaction Theory Social Conflict Theory Queer Theory Exchange Theory Question 7. Question : (TCO 6) Emile Durkheim proposed several functions of deviance. Which of the following is NOT one of them? Deviance affirms cultural values and norms. Deviance provides employment for a large segment of the work force. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries. Deviance encourages social change. Deviance promotes social unity. Question 8. Question : (TCO 6) Travis Hirschi's approach to deviance and control proposes that Hirschi is a deviant spelling of Hershey. deviance results from differential access to wealth. deviance is a frustration of ambition. individualism inhibits the deviance. everyone finds at least some deviance tempting. Question 9. Question : (TCO 6) There are four basic reasons to punish: moral vengeance, reforming the offender, discourage criminality, and render the offender incapable of further offenses. The terms for these are in order: retribution, social protection, rehabilitation and deterrence. deterrence, retribution, social protection, and rehabilitation. social protection, deterrence, retribution, and rehabilitation retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence, and social protection. deterrence, social protection, retribution, and rehabilitation. Question 10. Question : (TCO 3) In France during the Middle Ages, the third estate, second estate, and first estate refer respectively to nobility, high clergy, and commoner. high clergy, nobility, and commoner. commoner, high clergy, and nobility. commoner, nobility, and high clergy. high clergy, commoner, and nobility Page 2 Question 1. Question : (TCO 3 (TCO 3) Kuznet’s curve suggests that it could be an effective pitch for the veteran who is starting to lose a little something on his fast ball. industrial societies will, in the longer run, remain unchanged. industrial societies tend to become less stratified than agrarian societies. as human technological sophistication has increased, social stratification has decreased. industrialization and social stratification are unrelated. Question 2. Question : (TCO 3) _____ is the term for earnings from work or investments and _____ is the term for the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts. Income; personal property Profit; income Wealth; income Income; wealth Rent; net worth Question 3. Question : (TCO 3) Which theory of poverty blames poverty on the shortcomings of the poor themselves? Individual responsibility theory Personal chioce theory Social forces theory Culture of poverty theory Legacy or poverty theory Question 4. Question : (TCO 5) Which of the following did Max Weber suggest were analytically distinct components of stratification? Conformity, deviance, and social control Power, prestige, and position Class, caste, and age Class, prestige, and esteem Class, status, and power Question 5. Question : (TCO 4) Accounts Payable Administrator Imelda Czechs works for a small international corporation. This category of work can be described as _____ blue-collar work. white-collar work. pink-collar work. fur collar work. no-collar work. Question 6. Question : (TCO 4) Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts? Chattel slavery Child slavery Debt bondage Debit slavery Revolving credit slavery Question 7. Question : (TCO 4) Which of the following gives the correct order of stages of modernization according to W. W. Rostow? High mass consumption, traditional, drive to technological maturity, and take-off Traditional, drive to technological maturity, take-off, and high mass consumption High mass consumption, traditional, take-off, and drive to technological maturity Traditional, take-off, drive to technological maturity, and high mass consumption Take-off, drive to traditional maturity, technological, and consume mass quantities Question 8. Question : (TCO 4) Andre Gunder Frank states that poor nations are responsible for their own poverty. were “underdeveloped,” or made poor, by rich nations. suffer from traditional culture. need to gain more productive technology. can be helped with the investment of multinational corporations. Question 9. Question : (TCO 4) According to Immanuel Wallerstein’s view of the global economic system, which type of nation is relatively independent of outside control? Core Periphery Semiperiphery Marginality Tertiary Question 10. Question : (TCO 5) While modernization theory focuses on _____, dependency theory focuses on _____. poor nations; rich nations distribution of wealth; production of wealth production of wealth; distribution of wealth culture; economics multinationals; self-reliance Week 6 Question 1. Question : (TCO 8) Back in 1900, it was common in the United States to consider people of these ancestries as “nonwhite.” Irish, Italian, or Jewish French, German, or Swiss Dutch, French, or Swede Austrian, Norse, or Prussian Question 2. Question : (TCO 8) Ethnicity refers to ______. a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences socially constructed categories based on cultural traits a society defines as important a group whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group a collective that has reached very moral decisions about a way of life all people from the same country Question 3. Question : (TCO 6) The unequal treatment of various categories of people is known as stereotyping. ethnocentrism. discrimination. segregation. active prejudice. Question 4. Question : (TCO 5) The claim that defining members of some minority as inferior will make them inferior is one application of social distance research. the iron law of oligarchy. the Thomas theorem. authoritarian personality theory. exploitation theory. Question 5. Question : (TCO 8) The barrier that is invisible, but which prevents women from rising beyond middle-management positions, is referred to as the “glass ceiling.” the “closed top.” transparent discrimination. the “ceiling of upper management.” the “impermeable barrier.” Question 6. Question : (TCO 8) _____ refers to social organization in which males dominate females. Patriarchy Matriarchy Monarchy Oligarchy Fratriarchy Question 7. Question : (TCO 8) Talcott Parsons explained that males tend to exhibit _____ behavior, while females are more _____. instrumental; expressive expressive; instrumental egalitarian; hierarchical rational; emotional emotional; rational Question 8. Question : (TCO 8) Which type of feminism seeks to end patriarchy by eliminating the idea of gender itself? Liberal feminism Socialist feminism Radical feminism Moderate feminism Libertarian feminism Question 9. Question : (TCO 7) Comparing school performance, researchers have found that the most important cause of the achievement gap between rich and poor children is differences in schools. differences in home environments. differences in personal ability. differences in personal health. differences in family composition. Question 10. Question : (TCO 3) _____ and _____ theories explain that families perpetuate social inequality in U.S. society through inheritance of private property, encouraging patriarchy, and passing on racial and ethnic inequality. Feminist; functionalist Social-exchange; feminist Social-exchange; interactionist Global; internationalist Feminist; social conflict Page 2 Question 1. Question : (TCO 3) When Mort Tality assisted in the death of his wife Fay, who was suffering from an incurable disease, he engaged in Euthanasia. Youthinasia. Homicide. Misdemeanour. Kevorkianism. Question 2. Question : (TCO 7) The term empty nest refers to families whose children have grown and left home. women who choose to remain single. women who marry, but choose to remain childless. egalitarian family structures. couples who are unable to have a child. Question 3. Question : (TCO 7) A religious organization that stands apart from the larger society is a _____, while a _____ is a religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural traditions. church; sect sect; cult cult; church denomination; cult cult; sect Question 4. Question : (TCO 7) According to Max Weber’s analysis of Protestantism and the rise of capitalism, which of the following statements is TRUE? Protestantism held back the development of capitalism for years. Protestantism, with its conflict with the Roman Catholic Church, fostered social unrest, and averted a socialist revolution. Protestantism even with its argument with the dominant Roman Catholic Church, still supported the economic status quo. Protestantism stressed duty and hard work, boosting economic production and fostering the rise of capitalism. Protestantism, with its conflict with the Roman Catholic Church, fostered social unrest, and a socialist revolution. Question 5. Question : (TCO 3) Charter schools are private schools that typically enroll high-income students. public schools that have the freedom to try new programs and policies. private schools that have a religious curriculum. public schools that are run by private companies. public schools established through a land grant charter. Question 6. Question : (TCO 3) Following the social-conflict approach, patterns of health and illness are seen largely as a product of technology. how people define the situation they experience. how culture defines health and illness. a mobile society social inequality. Question 7. Question : (TCO 5) Which term do we use to refer to a political and economic system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs?? Modernization Socialism Welfare capitalism Capitalism Communism Question 8. Question : (TCO 5) In a capitalist economic system, justice amounts to doing what is best for society’s poorest members. everyone being more or less economically equal. freedom of the marketplace allowing people to follow their self-interest. no one going hungry. little more than lip service. Question 9. Question : (TCO 5) The Marxist political-economy model suggests that power is no longer concentrated in the hands of a few. an anti-democratic bias exists in the capitalist system. power is widely dispersed throughout society. many people do not vote because they are satisfied with the political system.. that the only justice in the halls of justice is in the halls. Question 10. Question : (TCO 5) Which of Weber’s types of authority is also know as bureaucratic authority? Egalitarian authority Charismatic authority Traditional authority Rational-legal authority Representative authority

HIT 120 Week 1,2,5 & 6 Quiz Quiz 1 Question 1. Question : (TCO 1) What is the primary goal of integrated healthcare delivery systems? Ensure that every hospital that is part of an integrated delivery system is equipped to meet all of its patients\' needs Ensure that patients receive high-quality, cost-effective care in the most appropriate setting Ensure that every American has equal access to healthcare services Ensure that healthcare-related information can be shared among all the facilities operating in the same community Question 2. Question : (TCO 1) Which one of the first hospital established in the British Colonies of North America? Massachusetts General Hospital New York Hospital Pennsylvania Hospital Cortez Hospital Question 3. Question : (TCO 1) Why was American Medical Association (AMA) not able to reform medical profession until 1874? Because it was a small organization Because it encouraged state licensing boards Because members had ties to the medical schools Because of its large membership base Question 4. Question : (TCO 2) Members of the AHIMA House of Delegates are appointed by the AHIMA Board of Directors. elected by the AHIMA Board of Directors. elected by members in state component organizations. elected by the AHIMA Nominating Committee. Question 5. Question : (TCO 2) The primary function of the American Health Information Management Association is to ensure that accurate and complete medical records are written for every hospital patient. standardize the content and format of the health records maintained by acute and emergency care facilities. promote the accuracy, confidentiality, and accessibility of health records in every healthcare setting. provide support for two- and four-year health information management educational programs. Question 6. Question : (TCO 2) Which organization\'s goal is centered primarily on health information technology? HIMSS AHDI AHIMA AAPC Question 7. Question : (TCO 2) Which of the following funded grants to educate health information technology professionals? American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 American Academy of Professional Coders (AAPC) None of the above Question 8. Question : (TCO 2) Which of the following is true about Medical Billing and Coding professionals? They assign medical codes to patient diagnoses and procedures They process medical bills and/or claims for healthcare providers or payers They may perform these duties together or separate All of the above Question 9. Question : (TCO 2) As a health information professional, if you end up working as a _____________ , you will mostly design and manage the compliance program which assures that the healthcare organization is operating conform state and federal government requirements, as well as accrediting agency requirements. Project Manager Compliance officer Domain manager Data quality manager Question 10. Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following was (were) effect(s) of the Great Depression on US Healthcare? There was a decrease in the use of medical services There was a decrease in hospital revenues It made physicians willing to accept government-sponsored health insurance All of the above 4 of 4 Comments: Question 11. Question : (TCO 1) The Joint Commission provides accreditation services for the following: Ambulatory care Acute care Long-term care All of the above Question 12. Question : (TCO 2) This allied health professional evaluates and treats patients with injuries from psychological, physical or work-related impairment. An Audiologist An occupational therapist A physical therapist A speech-language pathologist Question 13. Question : (TCO 2) Which of the following statements is true about registered nurses Nurses serve the same roles within an organization Nurses are required to have a license in order to practice Nurses graduate from nonacademic training programs Nurses must have a bachelor\'s degree in order to practice Question 14. Question : (TCO 2) Which of the following are medical coding credentials? CCS CCS-P CCA All of the above Question 15. Question : (TCO 2) The traditional role of HIM practice was: Information based Department based Electronically based Analytically based Quiz 2 Question 1. Question : (TCO 2) Which of the following statements is true about behavioral health? It provides only day-hospital and day-treatment programs Insurance coverage generally places restrictions on the psychiatric care such as a limit on the number of outpatient visits The quality of treatment provided has not changed in the past 20 years Psychiatric care is restricted to ambulatory care settings Question 2. Question : (TCO 2) A physician needs to find palliative care for a terminally ill patient. What type of long-term care setting is the most appropriate? Residential care facility Hospice Skilled nursing facility Nursing home Question 3. Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following government agencies supports medical research? Social Security Administration Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services US Public Health Services National Institute of Health Question 4. Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following is true about Quality Improvement Organizations (QIOs)? They were once called peer review organizations They ensure quality and efficiency of healthcare services They cover each state and territory in the US All of the above Question 5. Question : (TCO 1) The concept of Accountable Care Organizations (ACO) has existed for a while but the ACO model began implementation only after the following was passed: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act The HITECH Act HIPAA Question 6. Question : (TCO 2) What service use work and play to help the patient improve independent functioning? Occupational therapy Diagnostic and therapeutic services Administrative support services Clinical laboratory services Question 7. Question : (TCO 2) Who is responsible for implementing the policies and strategic direction of the hospital or healthcare organization and for building an effective executive management team? Board of directors Chief executive officer Chief information officer Chief of staff Question 8. Question : (TCO 2) Which of the following would be categorized as voluntary hospitals? U.S. Air Force hospitals University hospitals Investor-owned hospitals Proprietary hospitals Question 9. Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following statements best describes Medicaid? State program that finances healthcare services for the elderly Federal program that finances healthcare services for the elderly State program that finances healthcare services for low-income families Federal and state program that finances healthcare for low-income families Question 10. Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following recent developments has not had a significant influence on the U.S. healthcare delivery system? Growth of managed care Emphasis on patient-focused care Shortage of well-trained physicians Growth of subacute care Question 11. Question : (TCO 1) An Integrated Delivery System (IDS) has certain advantages, among which: It is focused on process innovation It provides a full continuum of care for patients It is focused on process improvement for patients It is focused on each clinical department Question 12. Question : (TCO 3) I had surgery this morning. My surgery only lasted 30 minutes and I was ready to leave the facility 2 hours later. I must have had my surgery at which type of facility? Freestanding ambulatory care center Freestanding ambulatory surgery center Subacute care Integrated delivery system Question 13. Question : (TCO 3) Which organization has the mission of promoting the science and art of medicine and to improve public health? The Joint Commission American Medical Association American Hospital Association American College of Healthcare Executives Question 14. Question : (TCO 3) Which of the following is true about accreditation? It is a voluntary process Most states do not recognize accreditation Most states recognize accreditation by The Joint Commission as a condition of licensure a and c Question 15. Question : (TCO 3) One of the disadvantages of individual health plans is: They do not cover inpatient hospitalizations They are part of fringe benefits They have low deductibles They cost more than group policies Quiz 5 Question 1. Question : (TCO 4) Which of the following is a primary purpose of the health record? To support nursing care To perform quality assurance To bill for services All of the above Question 2. Question : (TCO 5) The admitting form of Mrs. Smith\'s health record indicated that her birth date was March 21, 1948. On the discharge summary, Mrs. Smith\'s birth date was recorded as July 21, 1948. Which quality element is missing from Mrs. Smith\'s health record? Data completeness Data consistency Data accessibility Data comprehensiveness Instructor Explanation:Chapter 2, page 52 Question 3. Question : (TCO 5) Data definition refers to the meaning of data completeness of data consistency of data detail of data Question 4. Question : (TCO 5) Which of the following is not a characteristic of high-quality healthcare data? Data relevancy Data currency Data consistency Data accountability Question 5. Question : (TCO 5) I have been asked to list institutional users of the health record. Which one of the following would I include in my list? Blue Cross and Blue Shield The patient FBI agent AHIMA Question 6. Question : (TCO 6) Which of the following elements is NOT considered a basic component of every information system? Software Communications technology Users None of the above Question 7. Question : (TCO 6) Using a hospital discharge database, a physician does a study of diabetes mellitus comparing age of onset with response to a specific drug regimen. The physician has gathered _____ from the database. data elements information informatics standards data sets Question 8. Question : (TCO 6) Which of the following connects devices across a large geographical area, such as a state? Intranet LAN server WAN Question 9. Question : (TCO 6) Which of the following enable(s) computers on a network to communicate with each other? Programming languages HTML Network protocols Wide-area networks Question 10. Question : (TCO 6) These computers are used to handle intensive input/output business transactions. Mainframe systems Midrange systems Microcomputers Supercomputers Question 11. Question : (TCO 6) An information system that alerts a physician when a laboratory value is outside of the normal range is called a(n): decision support system enterprise-wide system management information system transaction processing system Question 12. Question : (TCO 6) A _____ uniquely identifies each row in a table and ensures that it is unique. Key Primary key Foreign key None of the above Question 13. Question : (TCO 6) A(n) _____ stores data in predefined tables consisting of rows and columns. Object-oriented database Relational database Hierarchical database None of the above Question 14. Question : (TCO 6) Use case and sequence diagrams are an example of a: High-level computer language Low-level computer language Unified modeling language Network protocol Question 15. Question : (TCO 6) In which phase of the systems development life cycle are trial runs of the new system conducted, backup and disaster recover procedures developed, and training of end users conducted? Design Implementation Maintenance and evaluation Planning and analysis Quiz 6 Question 1. Question : (TCO 5) The physician records his findings while still in the patient\'s room. This is called: Computers on wheels Alerts Point of care documentation Clinical practice guidelines Question 2. Question : (TCO 5) The coding supervisor wants a daily report of health records that need to be coded. Which of the following systems would be best in meeting the supervisor\'s needs? CDSS DSS EIS MIS Question 3. Question : (TCO 5) Which of the following systems is designed primarily to support patient care by providing healthcare professionals access to timely, complete, and relevant information for patient care purposes? Administrative information system Clinical information system Management support system Strategic information system Question 4. Question : (TCO 5) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a DSS? Provides ad hoc reports Provides day-to-day reports Uses statistical modeling Answers what-if questions Question 5. Question : (TCO 5) I am entering free text and structured data. This is called: Template-based entry Alerts Care pathways Clinical practice guidelines Question 6. Question : (TCO 5) Which of the following information systems is used to assist healthcare providers in the actual diagnosis and treatment of patients? Clinical decision support system Laboratory information system Management information system Pharmacy information system Question 7. Question : (TCO 5) Which of the following is used primarily for monitoring performance? DSS EIS ES MIS Question 8. Question : (TCO 5) Which of the following systems focuses on providing reports and information to managers for day-to-day operations of the organization? Executive information system Clinical decision support system Management information system Strategic decision support system Question 9. Question : (TCO 7) Which of the following is a core ethical obligation of HITs? Coding diseases and operations Protecting patients\' privacy and confidential communications Transcribing medical reports Performing quantitative analysis on record content Question 10. Question : (TCO 7) Which of the following ethical principles is being followed when an HIT professional ensures that patient information is only released to those who have a legal right to access it? Autonomy Beneficence Justice Nonmaleficence Question 11. Question : (TCO 7) Privacy can be defined as: The limitation of the use and disclosure of private information The right of an individual to be let alone The physical and electronic protection of information The protection of information from accidental or intentional disclosure Question 12. Question : (TCO 7) Which of the following is an example of data collected by a patient monitoring system? Demographic information Vital signs Lab results Radiology report Question 13. Question : (TCO 7) I am concerned about the possibility that the PHI that I am releasing as an ROI coordinator will be re-released to another inappropriately. Why would I be concerned with a secondary release of information? PHI could be released without patient authorization. This practice is illegal. The hospital would be responsible for any inappropriate secondary release. The secondary release is prohibited by many states. Question 14. Question : (TCO 7) Which of the following statements represents an example of nonmaleficence? HITs must ensure that patient-identifiable information is not released to unauthorized parties. HITs must apply rules fairly and consistently to every case. HITs must ensure that patient-identifiable information is released to the parties who need it to provide services to their patients. HITs must ensure that patients themselves, and not other parties, are authorizing access to the patients\' individual health information. Question 15. Question : (TCO 6) I work for a 10-hospital chain that is purchasing five more hospitals. Many of these hospitals have different vendors supplying their information systems. This has resulted in concerns regarding Point-of-care charting Data mining Interoperability Supportive functions

Chapter 18 Collective Action, Social Movements, and Social Change. All Answers Chapter 18 Collective Action, Social Movements, and Social Change 1. If one individual behaves in a socially inappropriate manner, he or she is deviant, but if several individuals behave this way, it is referred to as: a. a collective action. b. a public rebellion. c. a demonstration. d. a nongovernmental organization. DIF: Easy REF: Page 668 TOP: Factual OBJ: Collective Action 2. In order for a behavior to count as collective action, which of the following criteria must be met? a. You must act alone. b. You must violate social norms. c. You must cause riots. d. The behavior must be normal for the location. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 669 TOP: Factual OBJ: Collective Action 3. An example of collective action would be: a. someone helping the homeless. b. a student clapping in class. c. everyone walking out on an exam. d. all of the above. DIF: Easy REF: Page 669 TOP: Applied OBJ: Collective Action 4. Ten thousand people writing the governor asking her not to execute an individual is an example of: a. crowd collective action. b. political activism. c. mass collective action. d. social change. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 669 TOP: Applied OBJ: Collective Action 5. Students at your university rally to support same-sex marriage. This is an example of: a. public protests. b. freedom of speech. c. mass collective action. d. crowd collective action. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 669 TOP: Applied OBJ: Collective Action 6. The difference between collective action and deviance is: a. the number of people acting. b. the type of people involved. c. whether you are acting alone or as part of a group. d. the reaction of others to your actions. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 668–669 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Collective Action 7. Convergence theory states that collective action occurs when: a. people with similar ideas gather in the same place. b. strategic planning is done. c. the setting is right. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 669 TOP: Factual OBJ: Convergence Theory 8. Convergence theory doesn’t necessarily require: a. like-minded people. b. planning. c. everyone to be in the same place. d. collective action. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 669 TOP: Factual OBJ: Convergence Theory 9. There were pro-Obama demonstrations in Denver during the Democratic National Convention in August 2008. Which collective action theory describes these? a. emergent theory b. contagion theory c. convergence theory d. mass collective theory DIF: Difficult REF: Page 669 TOP: Applied OBJ: Convergence Theory 10. A theory of collective action that claims that collective action arises because of people’s tendency to conform to the behavior of others is: a. convergence theory. b. mass collective theory. c. emergent norm theory. d. contagion theory. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 670 TOP: Factual OBJ: Contagion Theory 11. Participating in “the wave” at a baseball game is an example of: a. contagion theory. b. convergence theory. c. mass collective theory. d. emergent norm theory. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 670 TOP: Applied OBJ: Contagion Theory 12. The main problem with ____________ theory is it treats individuals as mindless individuals following the actions of others. a. contagion b. convergence c. emergent norm d. mass collective DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 670–671 TOP: Factual OBJ: Contagion Theory 13. You were in New Orleans during Katrina and were housed in the Louisiana Superdome. Suddenly, everyone started jumping up and down to demand fresh water. Normally a shy, quiet person, you would never do such a thing, but this time you do. A sociologist would explain this through: a. contagion theory. b. value-added theory. c. self-identity theory. d. classical social movement theory. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 670–671 TOP: Applied OBJ: Contagion Theory 14. In 2005 there was a riot during the Super Bowl. This had never happened before, nor has it happened since. In an attempt to understand it, one sociologist suggested it was convergence theory, while another sociologist argued that the main problem with convergence theory was that it: a. didn’t explain the inconsistencies of group action. b. focused only on individuals. c. applied to people with emotional problems, but didn’t explain the majority of the fans present. d. didn’t show variables that may predict another event. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 670–671 TOP: Applied OBJ: Contagion Theory | Convergence Theory 15. The collective action theory that emphasizes the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms is: a. contagion theory. b. emergent norm theory. c. convergence theory. d. mass collective theory. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 671 TOP: Factual OBJ: Emergent Norm Theory 16. An accident occurs on a busy street, and a pedestrian immediately starts pulling people from cars and instructing others on what to do. This person would be an example of which collective action theory? a. convergence b. contagion c. emergent norm d. mass collective DIF: Moderate REF: Page 671 TOP: Applied OBJ: Emergent Norm Theory 17. A limitation of ____________ theory is that it does not explain why one individual becomes a leader while others do not. a. convergence b. contagion c. mass collective d. emergent norm DIF: Moderate REF: Page 671 TOP: Factual OBJ: Emergent Norm Theory 18. Keynoters: a. are the same as leaders. b. exist only where there are no preexisting norms. c. tend to be the people in charge. d. can be anyone from whom other people take cues in a given context. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 671 TOP: Factual OBJ: Emergent Norm Theory 19. You live in a neighorhood adjacent to a small town. You moved there because of the quiet atmosphere. A small bar opens where you can go with your neighbors to have a beer. Then, the bar owners decide to bring in live music on Friday and Saturday nights. After a sleepless night, you decide you must act. There is no town noise ordinance, so the “powers that be” have no means to stop the noise. After talking with your neighbors, you decide to hold a meeting in your home to come up with a plan for collective action. This illustrates: a. convergence theory. b. contagion theory. c. the beginnings of value-added theory. d. emergent norm theory. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 672 TOP: Applied OBJ: Value-Added Theory 20. Value-added theory was “borrowed” from the discipline of: a. sociology. b. economics. c. history. d. psychology. DIF: Easy REF: Page 672 TOP: Factual OBJ: Value-Added Theory 21. Affiliation with multiple group identities: a. is how you develop your identity. b. helps you identify with others. c. is what makes you an individual. d. is how networks develop. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 673 TOP: Factual OBJ: Identity 22. Presbyterian, Green Bay Packers fan, republican, and Italian are all group associations that help define you as a(n): a. potential voter. b. male. c. citizen. d. individual. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 673 TOP: Applied OBJ: Identity 23. An example of an emotional attachment that results from sharing a group affiliation with another could be: a. two women who have children with disabilities. b. going to the same school. c. a person who has a learning disability. d. living in the same house. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 673 TOP: Applied OBJ: Identity 24. You have identified yourself as a pet lover all your life, but your involvement with the ASPCA has come and gone, depending on your workload at the time. The fact that you love pets would be a ____________ identity, but your on-again/off-again involvement with the ASPCA would be a ____________ identity. a. change; dynamic b. static; dynamic c. stable; dynamic d. static; change DIF: Easy REF: Page 674 TOP: Applied OBJ: Identity 25. You are a deacon in a Southern Baptist church. The church condemns same-sex marriage; however, you personally believe same-sex marriage should be allowed, and in your free time you protest for equal rights for gays and lesbians. This would be an example of: a. static identity. b. dynamic identity. c. identity dissonance. d. conflicting identities. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 674 TOP: Applied OBJ: Identity 26. If your identity is a definition of who you are, then how does your affiliation with multiple groups affect it? a. It doesn’t; your identity comes from parental genes. b. It doesn’t; your identity comes from the socialization process between the ages of 4 to 5. c. If affects your identity only if you are the keynote leader. d. Your unique identity comes from the collection of groups to which you belong. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 673 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Identity 27. You are a hunter and like to serve venison during deer season. Even though you enjoy your guns and the sport of hunting, you have rejected joining the NRA (National Rifle Association) because the association is known for its conservative voice. This is an example of: a. static identity. b. multiple identities. c. dynamic identity. d. multiple personalities. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 674 TOP: Applied OBJ: Identity 28. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a social movement mentioned in your text? a. motivated by political aim b. participants share a collective identity c. usually become violent d. achieve aims through conflict with opponents DIF: Moderate REF: Page 674 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 29. You want to raise awareness about domestic abuse in the most efficient and least expensive way. You might: a. go door-to-door in several local neighborhoods, hoping to spread the word. b. start a website on the Internet. c. visit churches and pass out flyers. d. post flyers in every hospital in your state. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 696 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Movements 30. What is NOT one reason that motivates social movements? a. political aim b. commitment to social change c. focus on the movement d. individual self-interest DIF: Easy REF: Page 675 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 31. The aim of all social movements is: a. to create social bonds. b. to change society. c. to solidify norms. d. to promote social evolution. DIF: Easy REF: Page 690 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 32. What was one the largest American social movements that effected major social change? a. the women’s movement b. the civil rights movement c. the anti–Vietnam War movement d. the abolition of slavery DIF: Easy REF: Page 691 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 33. The ____________ is/are present-day activists who are attempting to create social movements through satire. a. Anti-inflammatory League b. NRA c. Yes Men d. Convergence Group DIF: Easy REF: Pages 667–668 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 34. The difference between a social movement and a ritual is that: a. rituals don’t aim to change something about society. b. a ritual is something that is done only in a religious context. c. social movements happen every other year. d. rituals happen only during holidays. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 674 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Social Movements 35. Doug McAdam is a sociologist who has spent years examining social movements. He believes that: a. all a group needs is organized collective action for a successful movement. b. collective action is sufficient for a successful social movement. c. not only does a group need collective action, but they also need some new threat or perceived opportunity in the broader social environment. d. if one person has what they consider a social problem, and that one person begins a movement, there will be success. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 675 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 36. The most limited social movement, focusing on a narrow group of people, would be a(n): a. redemptive social movement, because it focuses on one person at a time. b. alternative social movement, like MADD. c. reformative social movement, because it tends to be limited to certain religious sects. d. revolutionary social movement, like the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 675 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Social Movements 37. When sociologists talk about social change, they are referring to transformations in all of the following EXCEPT: a. cultural values. b. social institutions. c. political organizations. d. cultural norms. DIF: Easy REF: Page 692 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Change 38. Which of the following is NOT a cause of social change mentioned in your text? a. social upheaval b. technological innovation c. conflict between social actors d. changes in cultural identities DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 696–697 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Change 39. Today, most women know that smoking during pregnancy is putting their baby in danger. The cause of this “social change” was probably mostly due to: a. technology. b. innovation. c. new ideas. d. conflict. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 696 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Change 40. Which type of social movement focuses on a single concern and seeks to change an individual’s behavior related to that issue? a. reformative b. revolutionary c. alterative d. redemptive DIF: Moderate REF: Page 675 TOP: Factual OBJ: Alterative Social Movements 41. An example of a(n) ____________ social movement might be a group of individuals trying to stop unwed mothers from having abortions. a. revolutionary b. redemptive c. reformative d. alterative DIF: Moderate REF: Page 675 TOP: Applied OBJ: Alterative Social Movements 42. A social movement that targets specific groups and advocates for radical changes in behavior is: a. redemptive. b. alterative. c. reformative. d. revolutionary. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 677 TOP: Factual OBJ: Redemptive Social Movements 43. A homeless shelter for battered women, where they can learn how to care for themselves and their children, would be an example of a(n) ____________ social movement. a. reformative b. redemptive c. alterative d. revolutionary DIF: Moderate REF: Page 677 TOP: Applied OBJ: Redemptive Social Movements 44. ____________ social movements do not call for a new system of government, but rather target almost everyone. a. Redemptive b. Revolutionary c. Reformative d. Alterative DIF: Moderate REF: Page 677 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reformative Social Movements 45. A group of conservationists encourage their community to save water by using low-flushing toilets or faucets that release more pressure but less water. Which social movement would this represent? a. alterative b. redemptive c. reformative d. revolutionary DIF: Moderate REF: Page 678 TOP: Applied OBJ: Reformative Social Movements 46. ____________ social movements advocate the radical reorganization of society. a. Revolutionary b. Alterative c. Redemptive d. Reformative DIF: Moderate REF: Page 679 TOP: Factual OBJ: Revolutionary Social Movements 47. An example of a(n) ____________ social movement occurred during the civil rights movement, when African Americans boycotted buses. a. redemptive b. revolutionary c. reformative d. alterative DIF: Moderate REF: Page 679 TOP: Applied OBJ: Revolutionary Social Movements 48. The model that explains the emergence of a social movement that is a collective response to structural strain that has a psychological effect on individuals is: a. the political process model. b. revolutionary theory. c. classical theory. d. resource-mobilization theory. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 680 TOP: Factual OBJ: Classical Model 49. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the classical model that is sometimes used to explain social movements? a. Strains are always present in societies. b. We can’t explain why some movements arise and others don’t. c. Social movements pathologize individuals. d. Social movements ignore psychological tensions. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 680 TOP: Factual OBJ: Classical Model 50. Which social movement model suggests that discontent and the availability of resources are the key factors that determine if a social movement will coalesce? a. classical model b. political process model c. revolutionary model d. resource-mobilization model DIF: Moderate REF: Page 680 TOP: Factual OBJ: Resource-Mobilization Model 51. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of resource-mobilization theory? a. Elites have the most to gain from a social movement. b. Social movements are often led by powerless individuals. c. Involvement of the elites often results in the demise of a social movement. d. The grievance with resource-mobilization theory is unclear. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 681 TOP: Factual OBJ: Resource-Mobilization Model 52. The political process model lists expanding political opportunities, indigenous organizational strength, and certain shared cognitions as what kind of influences? a. revolutionary b. conditional c. resourceful d. classical DIF: Difficult REF: Page 681 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Process Model 53. The 1930s Townsend Plan movement, which organized elderly Americans to demand a pension from the government, is an example of: a. how millions of people can make a change. b. how social movements succeed. c. how apparent failures can create conditions for success. d. Roosevelt’s Social Security legislation. DIF: Easy REF: Page 682 TOP: Applied OBJ: Political Process Model 54. Even though it has some structural biases and downplays emotional components, the ____________ social movement model is the most widely accepted today. a. classical b. political process c. mobilization d. stragetic thinking DIF: Moderate REF: Page 681 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Process Model 55. Which stage of a social movement is the period when a few people try to draw attention to a particular social issue that is not in the public consciousness? a. emergence b. resolution c. coalescence d. routinization DIF: Moderate REF: Page 682 TOP: Factual OBJ: Emergence 56. The stage of a social movement when people start organizing, donating money, and lobbying political officials is: a. emergence. b. routinization. c. coalescence. d. resolution. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 683 TOP: Factual OBJ: Coalescence 57. Which of the following is a reason why some social movements fade away during the coalescence stage? a. lack of funds and time commitment b. not enough members c. lack of political support d. no interest by the general population DIF: Moderate REF: Page 683 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Coalescence 58. A social movement tends to have three stages. Which is the most fragile stage, the one at which most movements just simply fade away? a. emergence stage b. coalescence stage c. routinization stage d. institutionalization stage DIF: Difficult REF: Page 683 TOP: Factual OBJ: Coalescence 59. By the ____________ stage, a social movement has become effective and its membership base has expanded. a. coalescence b. resolution c. routinization d. emergence DIF: Moderate REF: Page 683 TOP: Factual OBJ: Routinization 60. Which of the following is NOT a priority after a social movement has been institutionalized? a. recruit new members b. raise money c. structure participation d. raise awareness to the general public. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 683 TOP: Factual OBJ: Routinization 61. All of the following are characteristics of professional movement organizations EXCEPT when: a. they have professional leaders who speak for their constituency. b. the membership base plays a major role. c. they attempt to influence public policy. d. they have full-time leadership staff. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 686 TOP: Factual OBJ: Professional Movement Organization 62. What does a mass protest organization do? a. advocates for social change through protest b. recruits new members c. relies on high levels of membership participation to promote social change d. solicits political assistance DIF: Difficult REF: Page 686 TOP: Factual OBJ: Participatory Movement Organization 63. A mass protest organization and a grassroots organization both rely on high levels of membership, but a grassroots organization: a. uses letter-writing campaigns to achieve its goals. b. tends to focus on local issues. c. works through existing political structures to promote change. d. does all of the above. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 686 TOP: Applied OBJ: Participatory Movement Organization 64. You are a member of Critical Mass, the cycling organization that attempts to educate the public about carbon dioxide pollution from gas vehicles. Even though this lacks the organizational structure of a professional movement, it has high levels of member participation. This would be a ____________ participatory movement organization. a. grassroots b. redemptive c. premodern d. mass protest DIF: Difficult REF: Page 686 TOP: Applied OBJ: Participatory Movement Organization 65. What did Tocqueville mean by “land of joiners”? a. Democratic citizens easily change what they set their minds to. b. Citizens have less equality than citizens in aristocratic societies. c. Americans are politically powerless without voluntary organizations. d. American citizens are forced to join “voluntary” associations. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 688 TOP: Factual OBJ: Land of Joiners 66. Which of the following is NOT a reason why the egalitarian nature of American democracy has made Americans more likely than Europeans to enlist in voluntary organizations? a. Joining organizations creates individuality, something that Americans value. b. Early American gatherings in town squares created a culture of voluntary association. c. Americans need organizations to gain political power. d. Immigrants formed organizations to unite with other immigrants with similar values. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 689 TOP: Applied OBJ: Land of Joiners 67. One reason for the decline in the number of Americans joining associations may be: a. the individualistic culture of Americans. b. the rise of online associations. c. the fast-paced lifestyle of Americans. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 689 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Land of Joiners 68. The time period that is characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation is the period of: a. modern societies. b. premodern societies. c. postmodern societies. d. early modern societies. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 692 TOP: Factual OBJ: Premodern Societies 69. In ____________ societies, tradition was important because the customs that were passed down through the generations helped guide everyday life. a. early modern b. modern c. premodern d. postmodern DIF: Moderate REF: Page 693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Premodern Societies 70. What period resulted in the rise of science and objectivity? a. postmodern b. premodern c. early modern d. modern DIF: Moderate REF: Page 693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 71. During the modern period, science competed with ____________ as the primary source for knowledge. a. religion b. theory c. capitalism d. philosophy DIF: Easy REF: Page 693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 72. Which sociologist suggested modernity was a time when each person was a unique combination of overlapping group affiliations? a. Pierre-Charles L’Enfant b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Georg Simmel DIF: Difficult REF: Page 693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 73. Max Weber believed that modernity emerged from what movement? a. Protestant Reformation b. Enlightenment c. agricultural revolution d. Renaissance DIF: Moderate REF: Page 694 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 74. Which time period do academics claim we are living in now? a. early modern b. premodern c. modern d. postmodern DIF: Easy REF: Page 695 TOP: Factual OBJ: Postmodern Societies 75. Rap music, the Seagram Building in New York City, and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris are cultural examples from which time period? a. early modern b. premodern c. modern d. postmodern DIF: Easy REF: Page 695 TOP: Factual OBJ: Postmodern Societies Completion 1. A collaborative effort that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation is called ____________. ollective action DIF: Moderate REF: Page 668 TOP: Factual OBJ: Collective Action 2. A tenet of ____________ theory is that people with similar ideas and tendencies will gather in the same place. DIF: Easy REF: Page 669 TOP: Factual OBJ: Convergence Theory 3. A theory of collective action that states that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place is ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 669 TOP: Factual OBJ: Convergence Theory 4. A theory of collective action that claims that collective action arises because of people’s tendency to conform to the behavior of others is ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 670 TOP: Factual OBJ: Contagion Theory 5. A theory of collective action that emphasizes the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms is ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 671 TOP: Factual OBJ: Emergent Norm Theory 6. Some aspects of your identity are ____________, and other aspects of your identity are ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 674 TOP: Factual OBJ: Identity 7. Sharing a group affiliation with another person helps us develop ____________ to that person. ANS: emotional attachments DIF: Moderate REF: Page 673 TOP: Factual OBJ: Identity 8. In addition to having both static and dynamic identities, individuals also have multiple identities because they belong to ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 673 TOP: Factual OBJ: Identity 9. When a particular event becomes purposeful, organized, and institutionalized, collective action turns into a ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 674 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 10. When a behavior such as a protest becomes purposeful, organized, and institutionalized, collective action turns into a ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 674 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 11. Thousands of social movements exist throughout society at the ____________, ____________, and ____________ levels. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 679 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 12. The aim of all social movements is to ____________. hange society DIF: Easy REF: Page 690 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Movements 13. ____________ social movements advocate for limited social change across an entire society. DIF: Easy REF: Page 677 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reformative Social Movements 14. The model that explains the emergence of a social movement that is based on a concept of structural weakness in society or the notion that something is not right is ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 680 TOP: Factual OBJ: Classical Model 15. The three stages of a social movement are ____________, ____________, and ____________. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 682 TOP: Factual OBJ: Stages of Social Movement 16. The type of social movement organization that has a full-time leadership staff dedicated to the movement and a large membership base that plays a minor role in the organization is a(n) ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 686 TOP: Factual OBJ: Professional Movement Organizations 17. Participatory movement organizations are divided into two subgroups: ____________ and ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 686 TOP: Factual OBJ: Participatory Movement Organization 18. A(n) ____________ advocates for social change through protest and demonstrations, whereas a(n) ____________ relies on high levels of membership participation to promote social change. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 686 TOP: Factual OBJ: Participatory Movement Organization 19. Alexis de Tocqueville wrote ____________ to explain why Americans come together to join voluntary associations. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 688 TOP: Factual OBJ: Land of Joiners 20. The terms ____________, ____________, and ____________ are not only types of societies but also refer to social change over long periods of time. DIF: Easy REF: Page 692 TOP: Factual OBJ: Types of Societies 21. ____________ societies are what used to be called “primitive” societies. DIF: Easy REF: Page 692 TOP: Factual OBJ: Premodern Societies 22. In ____________ societies, villages may have had a spiritual leader, and tradition was very important. DIF: Easy REF: Pages 692–693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Premodern Societies 23. The term ____________ is used in fields such as art history, literature, and sociology, with little agreement about what it means. DIF: Easy REF: Page 693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 24. Georg Simmel characterizes ____________ as the birth of the individual through a web of group affiliations. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 693 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 25. According to Max Weber, ____________ introduced concepts of rationality and bureaucracy. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 694 TOP: Factual OBJ: Modern Societies 26. ____________ represents ideas about multiculturalism, the blending together of different narratives, and taking a little from each of many different cultures to form a collage. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 695 TOP: Factual OBJ: Postmodern Societies 27. Some have said that the postmodern condition is embodied by the concept of ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 695 TOP: Factual OBJ: Postmodern Societies Essay 1. Using examples, discuss the theories of collective action: convergence theory, contagion theory, and emergent norm theory. 2. There are two types of collective action. What are they? Give examples of membership. 3. In what ways does collective action affect the development of individual identity? Write a couple of paragraphs defining who you are in terms of the effects of collective action. Using examples, what are the benefits of group affiliation? 5. The Yes Men activists have been very successful at “culture jamming.” They have impersonated the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the leadership of the World Trade Organization, and several other government officials. They are attempting to create social change through impersonation and satire. Discuss your personal impressions of this method of social movement. Do you feel this is ethical behavior? Is unethical behavior ever a necessary component of a social movement? At what stage of a social movement do you feel this type of behavior fits? 6. What is the difference between a social movement and a ritual? Give examples of each. 7. There have been several attempts at explaining the emergence and sustenance of social movements. The earliest model, the classical model, incorporates some psychological aspects. Give an example of a social movement and use the classical model in its emergence and sustenance. Discuss the criticisms associated with the classical model. 8. Give an example of technological innovation and emergence of new ideas as causes of social change, and give possible examples of the three stages of social movements that would follow. 9. You are concerned that the new bar in town is allowing bands to play into the early morning hours. There is no noise ordinance in your town, but you and your neighbors are irritated that you can’t sleep on the weekends. You and your neighbors decide to write letters to local politicians to get a noise ordinance in place. This would be what type of participatory movement organization and why? Why would this be a participatory type of organization and not a professional one? 10. In the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States from France and called the United States a “land of joiners.” What did he mean by this and how did this affect people’s individual identities?

Sociology: Chapter 17 Science Chapter 17 Science, the Environment, and Society 1. What did Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai believe was central to promoting international peace? a. environmental preservation b. eliminating poverty c. environmental education d. governmental policies protecting the environment DIF: Moderate REF: Page 629 TOP: Factual OBJ: Environmental Preservation 2. Which of the following is a problem caused by deforestation in Africa? a. soil erosion b. lack of crop rotation c. decrease in animal population d. dehydration DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 629–630 TOP: Factual OBJ: Environmental Preservation 3. Sociologists of science are interested in the ____________ of scientific discoveries. a. gender relationships b. environmental effects c. social consequences d. biological background DIF: Moderate REF: Page 630 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 4. The Green Belt movement argued that planting trees has social effects on: a. community empowerment. b. gender equality. c. international peace. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 630 TOP: Factual OBJ: Environmental Preservation 5. Factors that can influence science include: a. the researcher’s interest. b. religious beliefs. c. political and social factors. d. all of the above. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 633 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 6. Which of the following is NOT a reason your text mentions that causes researchers to choose their area of study? a. social concerns b. interest in topic c. available funding d. politics DIF: Moderate REF: Page 633 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 7. In 1942, the research project that focused on developing atomic weapons for the United States was code-named the: a. Manhattan Project. b. Oppenheimer Project. c. Groves Project. d. World War II Project. DIF: Easy REF: Page 634 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 8. According to your text, the decision to pursue nuclear technologies during World War II was influenced: a. strictly by politics. b. by international geopolitical circumstances. c. by the desire to defeat the Nazis. d. strictly by social reasons. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 634 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 9. Researchers in different fields may study the same issue but have different outcomes because: a. they are in opposition to each other. b. some are not working in legitimate scientific disciplines. c. boundary work limits their research. d. they are working through different frameworks. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 637 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Sociology of Science 10. A sociologist, biologist, and psychologist are studying Olympic athletes. Their results: a. may be complementary or conflicting. b. will not be applicable to other fields of study. c. will all be completely different. d. will need to be examined independently of each other. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 637 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociology of Science 11. Sociologists tend to study data within the real world, while scientists: a. use models of the real world. b. bring data into the laboratory. c. try to leave the laboratory as much as possible. d. none of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 638 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 12. Thomas Kuhn believed that normal scientific discovery: a. is ruptured by scientific revolutions. b. proceeds along a linear path. c. accumulates little by little over time. d. evolves exponentially. DIF: Easy REF: Page 631 TOP: Factual OBJ: Scientific Revolution 13. What is the factor responsible for important scientific advancements? a. normal science b. scientific revolutions c. political–social factors d. scientific theory DIF: Moderate REF: Page 632 TOP: Factual OBJ: Scientific Revolutions 14. When a scientific paradigm shifts, this means that: a. scientists revert back to a previous paradigm. b. research is being conducted in a new country. c. scientists have come to a standstill on their discoveries of a particular topic. d. a scientific revolution has happened. DIF: Easy REF: Page 631 TOP: Factual OBJ: Paradigm 15. Conducting experiments and obtaining results is referred to as: a. a paradigm. b. the research process. c. normal science. d. scientific discovery. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 631 TOP: Factual OBJ: Normal Science 16. Normal science: a. exists only in laboratories. b. is conducted within an existing paradigm. c. attempts to create nonexistent paradigms. d. means that scientists operate outside the laboratory. DIF: Easy REF: Page 631 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Normal Science 17. According to the normative view of science, what should scientists leave at the laboratory door? a. life stresses b. personal values c. social structures d. historical forces DIF: Easy REF: Page 632 TOP: Factual OBJ: Normative View of Science 18. Often nonscientists make decisions that affect the course of science. Which of the following is mentioned in your text? a. stem cell research b. same-sex marriage c. natural versus medicated childbirth d. left versus right brain differences DIF: Easy REF: Pages 633–634 TOP: Factual OBJ: Normative View of Science 19. Most scientists agree with: a. intelligent design theory. b. Darwin’s natural selection theory c. biological differences in IQ. d. clear-cut racial divides with regard to genetics. DIF: Easy REF: Page 635 TOP: Factual OBJ: Boundary Work 20. If a city planner is trying to determine why poverty rates are higher in the inner city, he or she might look at the lack of jobs in the area. If a psychologist is looking at the same thing, he or she may look more at levels of depression in the residents of an inner city. This difference is often called: a. a scientific revolution. b. the green revolution. c. a paradigm shift. d. boundary work. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 636 TOP: Applied OBJ: Boundary Work 21. In the Dover, PA, school district, what theory was presented as an alternate to Darwin’s theory of natural selection? a. evolution b. the Bible c. intelligent design d. survival of the fittest DIF: Easy REF: Page 635 TOP: Factual OBJ: Intelligent Design 22. Ethnographic research: a. is field research. b. involves researcher participation. c. is done by observation. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 637 TOP: Factual OBJ: In the Lab 23. What did Latour and Woolgar suggest may influence which research findings receive the most attention? a. the senior researchers b. power struggles within the lab hierarchy c. political agendas d. the source of the research funding DIF: Moderate REF: Page 638 TOP: Factual OBJ: In the Lab 24. It is argued that ____________ are not made, but rather preexist in objective reality waiting to be discovered. a. theories b. diseases c. scientific facts d. scientific discoveries DIF: Moderate REF: Page 639 TOP: Factual OBJ: Construction of Scientific Fact 25. The debates over whether scientific facts are made or preexist are referred to as: a. research objectives. b. research claims. c. scientific debates. d. science wars. DIF: Easy REF: Page 639 TOP: Factual OBJ: Construction of Scientific Fact 26. Philosopher Ian Hacking suggests that ____________ play into what is discovered and how it is discovered. a. cultural norms and social situations b. social values c. political agendas d. all of the above DIF: Difficult REF: Page 639 TOP: Factual OBJ: Construction of Scientific Fact 27. Sociologists who study scientists in the laboratory do so because: a. they want to be sure their findings are valid. b. they want to reinforce their research results. c. they are interested in the construction of scientific facts. d. they want to discover the inside scoop on “real” science. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 638 TOP: Applied OBJ: Construction of Scientific Fact 28. The term used to describe a well-known scientist who is more likely to be credited with a particular scientific discovery than lesser-known colleagues is: a. the hierarchy rule. b. prestige seniority. c. science wars. d. the Matthew effect. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 639 TOP: Factual OBJ: Matthew Effect 29. The Matthew effect is essentially like: a. having to have experience to get a job. b. birds of a feather flock together. c. the blind leading the blind. d. rejection during a lover’s spat. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 639 TOP: Applied OBJ: Matthew Effect 30. In 1977, Wangari Maathai started the ____________ due to her concern with the effects of deforestation on rural communities. a. Black Belt Project b. anti-forestation movement c. Green Belt Movement d. Global Warming Project DIF: Moderate REF: Page 629 TOP: Factual OBJ: Environmental Preservation 31. Wangari Maathai, of the Green Belt Movement, demonstrated that the simple act of ____________ has profound social effects for community empowerment, gender equality, and international peace. a. planting trees b. changing scientific paradigms c. narrowing the digital divide d. cloning fish DIF: Easy REF: Page 630 TOP: Factual OBJ: Environmental Preservation 32. Al Gore’s film An Inconvenient Truth documented the effect of what on climate temperature? a. global warming b. human activity c. hurricanes d. evolution DIF: Easy REF: Page 640 TOP: Factual OBJ: Global Warming 33. According to scientists, what is the number one contributor to rising global temperatures? a. deforestation b. CO2 emissions c. drought d. alteration in rainfall patterns DIF: Easy REF: Page 641 TOP: Factual OBJ: Global Warming 34. What do scientists predict will result from a continued rise in global temperatures? a. heat waves b. change in agricultural production c. migration from coastal communities d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 642 TOP: Factual OBJ: Global Warming 35. The global warming argument is that as ocean levels rise: a. many more people will move away from the coast. b. more people will move to the coast. c. more people will leave the mountains. d. more people will move to the suburbs. DIF: Easy REF: Page 640 TOP: Factual OBJ: Global Warming 36. Compared to organic megafarms, why are small farms at a disadvantage? a. The USDA will not certify small farms. b. It is too costly to truck their produce across the country. c. USDA certification is expensive. d. It is too difficult to meet the definition of “organic.” DIF: Moderate REF: Page 644 TOP: Factual OBJ: Organic Foods 37. Organic products can lead to health stratification by income because: a. you need to have land to grow organic products. b. organic products are more expensive. c. organic products aren’t sold in poor neighborhoods. d. organic products are only sold in high-end markets. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 644 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Organic Foods 38. Farmers who are thinking about future generations have committed to several issues. Which of the following is NOT one of the issues mentioned in your text? a. renewable resources b. using environmentally friendly tractors c. conservation of soil d. saving energy DIF: Moderate REF: Page 644 TOP: Factual OBJ: Organic Foods 39. Which of the following is NOT on the checklist government inspectors use when certifying organic farms? a. pesticide-free soils b. synthetic fertilizers c. percentage of items produced organically d. storage of organic products DIF: Moderate REF: Page 644 TOP: Factual OBJ: Organic Foods 40. Sometimes meat and poultry aren’t labeled organic even though they come from free-range animals raised without growth hormones or antibiotics. Why? a. Because small farmers are moving into the cities and leaving their organic farms behind. b. The guidelines as to what is an organic farm have not yet been established by the government. c. Because it is too expensive to maintain an organic farm with USDA certification. d. It is difficult to keep cattle and chickens fenced in; therefore they could be contaminated by other animals. DIF: Easy REF: Page 644 TOP: Applied OBJ: Organic Foods 41. Which of the following is NOT one of benefits of GMOs (genetically modified foods)? a. more profitable b. lower food prices c. better able to resist insects d. more nutritious products DIF: Difficult REF: Page 645 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 42. GMOs may allow farmers to avoid using toxic pesticides and herbicides because: a. the plant taste is unappealing to insects. b. the plant releases an unpleasant odor to the insects. c. GMOs are a natural insect repellent. d. insects are not able to digest the plant, so they die. DIF: Easy REF: Page 645 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 43. Genetic modifications may reduce waste by: a. keeping plants in stores fresher. b. keeping plants ripe longer. c. decreasing plant maturation time. d. all of the above. DIF: Easy REF: Page 645 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 44. Scientists were hoping to solve health and nutritional problems for children in developing countries by: a. developing GMOs with nutritional balance. b. producing mass crops to feed them. c. creating rice with high levels of vitamin A. d. reducing toxic pesticides. DIF: Easy REF: Page 645 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 45. What is one of the risks genetic modification may have to the environment? a. permanently damaging the soil b. severe damage to other vegetation c. an ecological chain reaction d. harmful effects to birds DIF: Moderate REF: Page 646 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 46. One of the major reasons farmers genetically modify their produce is so: a. they produce higher yields. b. they don’t have to weed their fields. c. they don’t have to hand pick their crops. d. they can increase the price they charge for their crops. DIF: Easy REF: Page 645 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 47. One argument against genetically modified foods is that: a. there will be too much food and a lot will go to waste. b. it is possible to genetically modify some foods, so there will be a scarcity of healthy foods. c. they may pose long-term adverse health effects. d. they are too expensive for most people. DIF: Easy REF: Page 646 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 48. Risks that result from human activity are referred to as: a. human risks. b. manufactured risks. c. personal risks. d. modern risks. DIF: Easy REF: Page 647 TOP: Factual OBJ: Risk Society 49. In Beck’s description of risk society, Hurricane Katrina is an example of what type of risk? a. regional b. external c. environmental d. social DIF: Moderate REF: Page 647 TOP: Applied OBJ: Risk Society 50. Charles Perrow believes that although disasters from manufactured risks are a part of modern life, we can: a. better plan how to handle disasters. b. simply rebuild after a disaster. c. reduce their impact. d. evacuate people from disaster areas. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 647 TOP: Factual OBJ: Risk Society 51. The introduction of high-yield crop varietals in developing countries and improvements in agricultural technologies are two trends that fall under the umbrella of: a. the green revolution. b. GMOs. c. genetic modifications. d. ecological interconnectedness. DIF: Easy REF: Page 647 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 52. The Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program was established in 1945 to: a. feed children in developing countries. b. improve Mexico’s agricultural output. c. develop new ways to increase wheat production. d. help farmers have higher wheat yields. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 647 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 53. Since the late 1990s a large portion of Asia has been: a. farming a mix of crops. b. dependent on rain to feed crops. c. using nontoxic pesticides. d. using high-yield rice seeds. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 648 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 54. It has taken Africa longer to reap the benefits of the green revolution because of Africa’s mix of crops and: a. the crops’ rain-fed dependency. b. hard climate. c. pesticide-tolerant insects. d. all of these. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 648 TOP: Applied OBJ: Green Revolution 55. Because of the green revolution, food production has kept pace with: a. income increases. b. population growth. c. technology. d. change in skills. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 648 TOP: Applied OBJ: Green Revolution 56. New technologies requiring more skills resulted in: a. potentially toxic fertilizers being used incorrectly. b. schooling for women in rural areas. c. more competition between nations for skilled laborers. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 648 TOP: Applied OBJ: Green Revolution 57. Which of the following is NOT a potential problem with high-yield crops? a. sacrifice of micronutrients b. greater susceptibility to disease c. increased water usage d. irrigated water polluting the soil DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 648–649 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 58. Vandana Shiva agrees that the green revolution has increased agricultural output and household incomes, but she is concerned about ____________ changes. a. economic b. cultural c. environmental d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 649 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 59. The green revolution has made it expensive for individual farms to survive on their own, so new collectives and cooperatives have emerged to bring together household farmers. Durkheim might call this a type of: a. rebellion. b. social solidarity. c. genetic manipulation. d. Verstehen. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 648 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Green Revolution 60. The twin study links a genetic connection to: a. homosexuality. b. personal characteristics. c. biological diseases. d. all of the above. DIF: Easy REF: Page 651 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetics 61. Finding a “gay gene” may bring about ____________ because it will show that homosexuality is a natural attribute. a. political controversy b. social tolerance c. demoralization d. further stigmatization DIF: Easy REF: Page 652 TOP: Applied OBJ: Genetics 62. What are some of the unintended consequences of DNA testing? a. social b. psychological c. economic d. all of the above DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 653–655 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetics 63. Some gays and lesbians may be in favor of finding a “gay gene,” because many in the gay community believe that: a. they can all move to one area of the country and know who is who. b. the controversy will move from a “moral” choice to a biological issue, so discrimination may decrease. c. it will allow them to become heterosexual. d. they will then be allowed to abort their children if they have this gene. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 652 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetics 64. The Human Genome Project has addressed several important issues in its process of scientific discovery. Which of the following is NOT one of those issues mentioned in your text? a. ethical issues b. political issues c. legal issues d. social issues DIF: Moderate REF: Page 649 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 65. Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns that has come about from the Human Genome Project? a. privacy b. stratification c. social paranoia d. stigmatization DIF: Moderate REF: Page 650 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 66. The concern resulting from the Human Genome Project, which could group people positively or negatively based on their genetic code, is called: a. stratification. b. stigmatization. c. labeling. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 650 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 67. The ____________ study showed how labels become self-fulfilling prophecies. a. Human Genome b. Pygmalion c. twin d. stigmatization DIF: Easy REF: Page 650 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 68. One of the problems with the Human Genome Project is that once your genetic structure is known: a. you may be able to genetically redesign yourself. b. you may be labeled in such a way that a self-fulfilling prophecy takes place. c. you may be unable to get dates. d. your parents may divorce you. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 650 TOP: Applied OBJ: Human Genome Project 69. When looking at race, DNA testing may: a. discover propensities toward certain diseases. b. segregate African Americans. c. find genetic differences. d. help trace genealogical history. DIF: Easy REF: Page 653 TOP: Applied OBJ: Race Genetics 70. What is one of the two types of cloning? a. reproductive b. scientific c. DNA d. genetic DIF: Moderate REF: Page 656 TOP: Factual OBJ: Cloning 71. Cells cloned through ____________ are not allowed to develop into a mature person, animal, or other organism. a. research cloning b. embryos c. reproductive cloning d. fetuses DIF: Moderate REF: Page 656 TOP: Factual OBJ: Cloning 72. Although Kass wrote about several negative outcomes of cloning, he also mentioned several positive outcomes. Which of the following is NOT one of the positives outcomes Kass mentions? a. cloning a deceased child b. opportunities for same-sex couples to reproduce c. providing needed organs d. helping paralyzed individuals DIF: Moderate REF: Page 656 TOP: Factual OBJ: Cloning 73. What billion-dollar Internet company started in a Stanford University dorm room? a. Google b. Yahoo c. AOL d. Myspace DIF: Easy REF: Pages 657–658 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Internet 74. The digital divide refers to: a. technological inequality. b. access to and knowledge of the Internet. c. social stratification. d. Internet connection. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 658 TOP: Factual OBJ: Digital Divide 75. Which term best describes the division between individuals who have access to Internet resources and those who do not within the United States? a. global divide b. technological inequality c. social stratification d. social divide DIF: Easy REF: Page 659 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Divide 76. Global divide describes: a. the lack of Internet access in poorer nations. b. international stratification. c. the lack of wireless connection in third-world nations. d. technological inequality. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 660 TOP: Factual OBJ: Global Divide Completion 1. The code name given to the team of research scientists working on developing atomic weapons for the United States in 1942 was ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 634 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 2. When there is incomplete or inadequate information to explain all observed phenomena, a ____________ may occur. DIF: Easy REF: Page 632 TOP: Factual OBJ: Scientific Revolution | Paradigm 3. A ____________ is the framework within which scientists operate. DIF: Easy REF: Page 631 TOP: Factual OBJ: Paradigm 4. Instances in which divisions between fields of knowledge are created, advocated, attacked, or reinforced are referred to as ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 636 TOP: Factual OBJ: Boundary Work 5. The manner in which prestige is earned and rewards are distributed in the scientific community is sometimes referred to as ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 639 TOP: Factual OBJ: Matthew Effect 6. Products whose genetic structures have been altered are called ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 645 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 7. Two risks of genetic modification are ____________ and ____________. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 645–646 TOP: Applied OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 8. One of the risks of genetic modification to humans is ____________, DIF: Easy REF: Page 646 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 9. The two types of risk in Beck’s concept of the risk society are ____________ and ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 647 TOP: Factual OBJ: Risk Society 10. Charles Perrow (2007) argues that disasters resulting from ____________ risks are an inevitable part of modern life. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 647 TOP: Fact OBJ: Risk Society 11. The introduction of high-yield crops in developing countries and improvement in agricultural technologies are a part of the ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 647 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 12. The green revolution has shifted from family-owned farms to ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 648 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 13. The Human Genome Project has discovered ____________ human genes. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 649 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 14. The ____________ has helped us identify genes in human DNA and understand diseases. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 649 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 15. ____________ is a concern that emerged from the Human Genome Project that occurs when society marks someone as disgraceful or different. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 650 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 16. In 2005, scientists reported evidence of a link between homosexuality and ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 652 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 17. The Lemba believe that they are a ____________. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 654 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 18. Dolly was the genetic replica of a ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 656 TOP: Factual OBJ: Cloning 19. Wireless connections have been available since around ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 657 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Internet 20. The ____________ addresses the inequality that is often associated with Internet access. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 658 TOP: Factual OBJ: Digital Divide 21. After education level, one of the main reasons for the social divide in the United States with regard to Internet access is ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 659 TOP: Factual OBJ: Digital Divide 22. One of the items Obama’s stimulus plan has targeted with regard to Internet access is ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 659 TOP: Factual OBJ: Digital Divide 23. The ____________ refers to differences in knowledge and access to the Internet within a country. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 659 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Divide Essay 1. Describe the intersection between science and politics. How do they influence each other? 2. Discuss the effects of global warming from a sociological perspective. 3. What are organic foods? How do organic products influence social status both for the individual consumer and for the farms that produce them? What are some ways that large organic farms are not “green”? 4. What are the benefits and risks of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)? Do you think the benefits outweigh the risks? 5. What are the agricultural trends of the green revolution? What have been the positive chain reactions and risks associated with it? 6. What are the sociological effects of genetic information related to race? 7. What is the Human Genome Project? What are the advantages of its results? Discuss the social issues that have arisen due to the information this project has uncovered. 8. Explain reproductive cloning and research cloning. What is the controversy surrounding cloning? What are positive results that could come from cloning? 9. Relate the digital divide to stratification using examples. 10. Explain the social divide and the global divide. What is the significance of stratification to each? What can be done to help bridge the gap? 11. Since the Internet as we know it has only been around since the early 1990s, how has this affected the generation gap between you and your parents? Do you feel that this has hindered communication between you and your parents or created more of an opportunity to communicate with them? Why or why not? 12. Many elderly people are isolated from others, due to the fact they can’t drive or get around as they did when they were young. They may have lost a partner, and the only companionship they have is their TV. Why might having the Internet be a positive addition to an elderly person’s home? How might this affect their health?